Snøhetta+华东院新作：北京城市图书馆，流动绵延的“森林书苑”

编译：袁蓓祺 | 校对：袁蓓祺 | 2024.02.27 10:29

设计单位 Snøhetta、华东建筑设计研究院

项目地点 北京通州

建成时间 2023年

建筑面积 75,000平方米

本文英文原文来自Snøhetta。

Snøhetta与华东院联合体设计的北京城市图书馆现已正式对外开放。在开展事务所首个此类项目——埃及新亚历山大图书馆——的35年后，Snøhetta再次对图书馆这一类型进行设计创新。该项目为文化底蕴深厚、知识氛围浓郁的北京引入了一个学习、知识共享和社交场所，为其增添了既当代又浓重的一笔。

Snøhetta's Beijing City Library has opened doors for visitors as the world's largest climatized reading space. It is the firm's latest innovation in the library typology, thirty-five years after they began work on Bibliotheca Alexandrina in Egypt. The project introduces a contemporary yet indelible place for learning, knowledge-sharing, and socializing to Beijing's rich cultural and intellectual scene.

这座新图书馆所在的通州区被视为首都的东大门，并被规划为北京城市副中心。而北京城市图书馆作为通州区新建的三座大型文化建筑之一，既是北京城市结构的延伸，同时也进一步激发通州区的活力。它是该地区志向远大的总体规划中重要的一步，将有助于推动该地区转变为一个充满活力的艺术和文化目的地。此外，通往北京市中心的新交通线路也正在建设中，有望进一步将通州与城市中心融为一体，吸引游客前往副中心。

The new library is located in Tongzhou District, a designated sub-center of Beijing that is often considered the eastern gateway of the capital. As one of three new major cultural buildings in Tongzhou, the Beijing City Library further establishes the area as both a vibrant district in itself and an extension of Beijing's urban fabric. It anchors the neighborhood's ambitious masterplan and will help to catalyze its transformation from a relatively undeveloped area into a lively arts and cultural destination. New transit links to Beijing's center are underway, promising to further integrate Tongzhou with the city and drive visitors to the sub-center.

2018年，Snøhetta与本地设计伙伴华东院赢得北京城市图书馆国际竞赛，并共同完成了该项目。此外，Snøhetta在美国目前也有三座图书馆的设计工作正在推进，分别是：Charlotte Mecklenburg图书馆、Far Rockaway图书馆和Westchester广场图书馆。

Snøhetta was awarded the Beijing City Library in 2018 through an international competition and the project was completed with local partner ECADI. The firm is currently working on three libraries in the United States: Charlotte Mecklenburg Library, Far Rockaway Library, and Westchester Square Library.

在数字时代重塑图书馆的意义

十多年前，图书馆被认为是一种正在消失的建筑类型，因为数字化使得人们可以随时随地获取所需资讯。为了重新确立图书馆在21世纪的意义，Snøhetta开始为图书馆的外观、运行方式和服务社群的方式提供新的愿景。北京城市图书馆把书本视为有形之物，并将在山峦、树木和通惠河的如画美景中有意识地翻阅书页、品读文字作为主要体验。

A decade or so ago, libraries were thought to be a disappearing typology as digitization has increasingly made information accessible at any time and place. To reinstate the library's relevance in the 21st century, Snøhetta set out to offer a new vision for how it looks, works, and serves the community. The Beijing City Library draws focus on the physicality of a book as an object and the conscious exercise of turning the pages to take in the written word as the primary experience amidst the picturesque setting of hills, trees, and the Tonghui river.

为了恢复图书馆作为公共和知识生活重要支柱的作用，使其意义超越单纯的“藏书楼”，Snøhetta将该建筑定位为一个学习、文化和社区中心。借鉴不同图书馆的历史并参考它们如何创新地回应当时的时代和地方需要，北京城市图书馆将开放的思想交流和人文对话作为其核心宗旨。建筑内为展览、演出、会议和古籍修复等功能设置了专用空间。这座建筑通过在书籍、人和自然景观之间建立情感联系，创造了无数可能性，坚决反驳了“图书馆逐渐被世人遗弃”的观点。

To reestablish the library's role as an important pillar of public and intellectual life, and become more than a mere repository of books, Snøhetta has positioned the building as a center for learning, culture, and community. Drawing on the historical origins of libraries finding innovative responses to the needs of their time and place, Beijing City Library makes the open exchange of ideas and human dialogue its core purpose. Throughout, there are dedicated spaces for exhibitions, performances, conferences, and the restoration of ancient books. The building firmly rejects the argument of the library becoming a derelict typology with the numerous possibilities it creates, by fostering an emotional connection between books, people, and the natural landscape beyond.

在图书馆内雕琢山谷和丘陵

这座被玻璃包裹的建筑将大自然引入阅读空间，从室外看向建筑，内部环境显得更加通透。图书馆的中央是一个近16米高的迎宾广场，广场外沿平滑而有节奏的曲线修建了阶梯式看台。空间中央是一条蜿蜒曲折的小路，名为“山谷”（the Valley），是建筑的主要交通干道。“山谷”与附近的通惠河河道相映成趣，无缝地使建筑外的景观体验延续到内部，并将南北入口连接起来，引导游客进入建筑内的所有其他空间。

The glass-lined building invites nature into the reading space and lends transparency to the enriched interior environment when viewed from outside. At the heart of the library is a sweeping, nearly 16-meter-tall welcoming forum off of which rise stepped terraces along smooth, rhythmic curves. Carved through the center is a meandering pathway called the Valley, which serves as the main circulation artery of the building. The Valley mirrors the course of the nearby Tonghui river, seamlessly continuing the experience of the landscape beyond and linking the north and south entrances to lead visitors to all other spaces inside.

从“山谷”中拔地而起的阶梯状“山丘”在室内创造出一片雕塑般的地形，它同时作为地面、座位和书架——这样的非正式区域，让人们可以在此放松、闲聊或安静地阅读，同时与更大的空间保持联系。半私密的阅读区和会议室嵌在“山丘”内部，而书架和桌椅则摆放在顶部长而平坦的区域。这个开放区域完全无障碍，并拥有世界上最大的图书自动存储和检索系统（ASRS）之一。

The terraced hills rising from the Valley are designed to create a sculpted interior landform that serves as the ground, seating, and shelving—an informal zone with opportunities to relax, talk, or read quietly, all while staying connected to the larger space. Semi-private reading areas and conference rooms are embedded into the hills, while book stacks and table seating are set on long, flat areas atop. This central open area is fully accessible and incorporates one of the largest book Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems (ASRS) in the world.

高大纤细的柱子在“山谷”和书本之间形成尺度过渡，柱子上方顶着的扁平面板形如银杏叶——银杏是一种原产于中国的树种，有2.9亿年的历史。层层叠叠的面板和填补其间隙的玻璃共同形成了一个类似树冠的屋顶，使日光经过滤后充盈着室内。在“银杏树冠”下，人们可以登上“山丘”顶部，俯瞰书籍构成的山谷和远处广阔的地平线。这种体验与周围环境以及书中想象所描绘的世界融为一体，让读者在这里留下难忘的独特记忆。

Punctuating the large space to transition between the scale of the Valley and the books are tall, slender columns that mushroom into flat panels shaped like ginkgo leaves—referencing a 290-million-year-old tree species native to China. The overlapping panels and the interstitial glass inserts create a canopy-like roof that floods the interiors with filtered daylight. Under this ginkgo canopy, one can reach the summit that overlooks the valley of books and the horizon of the vast landscape beyond. This experience of oneness with the immediate surroundings and the imagined world offered in books allows the reader to forge memories that are unique to the place.

设计在建筑的南北两侧入口处，种植了真正的银杏树。“山丘”将视野向外引导，进一步加强了人们与自然的联系。这座图书馆将阅读、艺术表现和景观融为一体，赞颂了北京的自然和文化遗产。

At the northern and southern edges of the building where real ginkgo trees are planted at the entry points, the hills focus their views outwards to further enhance the connection with nature. The library celebrates Beijing's natural and cultural heritage by integrating reading, performance, and landscape together.

利用可持续技术为图书馆设定绿色标准

北京城市图书馆重新思考了当今图书馆如何应对紧迫的气候挑战，并采用前沿技术改善读者体验。该建筑通过最大限度地减少隐含碳和运营碳，达到了中国GBEL三星级标准，这也是中国可达到的最高可持续发展标准。该项目同时周到地考虑了环境和其服务的社群。

The Beijing City Library rethinks how libraries today can address the pressing climate challenges while incorporating cutting-edge technology to improve visitor experience. The building achieved China's GBEL Three Star, the highest attainable sustainability standard in the country, by minimizing both embodied and operational carbon. The project is as much a steward of its environment as of the communities it serves.

由于项目采用了模块化组件和合理化的结构轴网，减少了建筑在建造过程中的浪费。以“银杏树柱子”为例，单一类型的模块以9×9米的网格在整个建筑中旋转重复使用，这样既能呈现出多样化的外观，又能实现高效的制造和安装。这些柱子还集成了控制室内气候、照明和声学效果的技术设备，还能收集屋顶的雨水，将其重新导入用于灌溉的绿色基础设施系统。

The use of modular components and a rationalized structural grid reduces the manufacturing waste for the building. For the ginkgo tree columns, a single module type is rotated on a 9x9m grid throughout the building to give the appearance of variety while being efficient to fabricate and install. These columns also house integrated technology to control interior climate, lighting, and acoustics, as well as collect rainwater from the roof to be reused for irrigation by channeling it to a green infrastructure system.

深远的屋顶悬挑削减了玻璃外墙受到的太阳辐射，平衡了可持续发展与设计表现之间的需要。为了进一步优化外立面，设计降低了东西井的玻璃高度，并使用了低辐射隔热玻璃。屋顶采用集成光伏（BIPV）结构元素取代了传统的屋顶和外立面材料，以利用屋顶被阳光照射的“黄金时间”生产可再生能源。

Generous roof overhangs reduce solar gain on the glass facades—currently the largest load-bearing glass system in China—achieving an important design element without compromising on sustainability. To further optimize the facade, the design reduces the height of the glass on the east and west wells and uses insulated low-E glass. The roof has integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) construction elements that replace the conventional roofing and facade materials, utilizing the prime exposure of the rooftop to sunlight for renewable energy production.