通德公祠：遗址上的“保护伞” / 篆山营造

编辑：李博超 | 校对：李博超 | 2022.01.04 23:04

设计单位 篆山营造

项目地点 海南澄迈

完成年份 2020年

项目面积 953平方米

废墟式保护

龙吉古村位于琼北火山岩古村带，依山就势，五条巷弄为火山岩喷薄而成，村南边的“通德堂”为明清建筑，坐北朝南，四合院落，是抬梁木石结构。前堂石匾“通德堂”三字为海南清代进士张岳松所题。两个老祠堂基本上已没有屋顶，只剩下一些残墙，在小楼林立、罗马柱防盗窗琳琅满目的新村里，显然已失去了庄严的地位。

Longji Village is one of the volcanic stone villages in the north of Hainan. Located along the hill, Tongde Hall and Jiangxing Ancestral Hall were built in the Ming and Qing Dynasty in the form of Shiheyuan, featuring the lifting beam structure of timber and volcanic stone. The plaque on the front gate of Tongde Hall was inscribed by Zhang Yuesong, the advanced scholar called ”Jinshi” in the Qing Dynasty. Only a little more than a ruin, the two separate ancestral halls have nearly no roof above and only some broken walls left. They have obviously lost the high-status dignity submerged in the crowded concrete houses.

我们也曾耗时耗力通过高精度测绘、工艺做法考证、三维模型复原等手段，试图采用“修旧如初”的策略，但效果差强人意。复原模型建好之后，图面呈现了汉族祖先刚到海南时，那种用本土材料奋力拼搏营造屋舍的状态。虽然用材粗大，但因为砌体结构难以开大窗洞，火山石处理费工，整个屋内呈现粗粝而晦暗的氛围。

We have tried to repair it as old as before, and spent a lot time and energy on high-accuracy mapping, crafts and technology verifying and 3D restoration modeling, but the results are not as expected. The 3D restoration model presents the hard efforts of the ancestors on constructing with local materials when they just arrived on the island. The inners space was rather coarse and gloomy for the limited technique of processing big and thick lava stones and the difficulty of making openings on the envelope of masonry structure.

如果就这样修旧如初，是否真的适合这个已经步入城镇化潮流的新村？有限的时间与经费是否能够真正做到修旧如初？与其修缮得仓促粗糙，何不保留这沧桑的精美？在十分有限的工程经费与建设周期中，我们既然无法严谨考证传统的建造工艺，做到一丁点儿不走样的“修旧如初”，何不避免修护式破坏，将老祠堂封存起来——废墟式保护的策略可能更适合这个项目。

Will it adapt to the new village that has developed rapidly in urbanization if it is repaired as old as before？Will the limited time and budget can meet up the demands? Why not retaining the beauty of vicissitudes rather than hasty and rough repairing that may produce damages to it if we could not complete the total restoration to its original splendor? The strategy of ruins protection may be more appropriate for this project.

为“族长”加冕

以“为老祠堂加冕”为核心思想，该项目引入柔性拉索支撑的钢木框架体系，为“通德堂”“将兴公祠”两个破落的祠堂遗址建造了一个保护性构筑物，使“族长”一般的老祠堂成为整个村里体量最大的建筑，恢复往日的荣光。

We are committed to the regain of the former glory of the ancient ancestral halls, the “Emeer” of the village. To crown them again as the prominent landmark in the village, an innovative cable-suspended steel-timber frame system with tall wood columns and a 965㎡glass roof are structured to connect the two relics as one.

设计保留了原来祠堂遗址中的参天榕树，用以遮阳，在斑驳的火山岩石墙上投出婆娑的树影。新增的965平方米玻璃顶，仿佛一把大伞，为遗址遮避雨水。

The towering banyan trees inside the courtyard are carefully reserved climbing outside the roof, and their dreamlike reflections on the wall dance tranquilly in the sunshine.

78根海南第一名木“坡垒”形成柱阵，由钢索拉结为一个柔性而稳定的结构体系，可在海岛台风之中守护老祠堂的周全。该项目实现了在较短的周期内，以较低的成本，为等级不是特别高的遗址建筑提供了一种活化再生的设计思路。

78 wood columns form a matrix integrated with a flexible but stable steel cable structure to protect the ancestral halls, and it holds up a giant umbrella to save the relics from the rain. The design worked out a way of rebirth for low level historic relics in limited time and with limited cost.

星空下的神庙

修建的过程中，我们遇到了很多困难。这个方案过于现代，朋友戏称：“让你修的都没修，不让你修的全修了。”我们在当地很难找到工人，因为本地工人都不愿意动别人家的祠堂。我们也很难找到做玻璃幕墙的供应商，因为这个项目太小，精度要求又高。为了保留祠堂上的那棵大树，我们不断地请各种人对村民展开说服工作……

It has been a lot of trouble that we encountered through the process. Too modern the concept was regarded, “those thought to be refurbished are left as before” said jokingly by one of our friends; it was difficult to find workers because local people consciously avoid to touch other clan’s ancestral temple, and was also difficult to find a supplier for the glass curtain wall because the project was too small while required for rather high accuracy; we kept asking people for help persuading the villagers not to cut down the biggest tree above the front gate…

终于，经过一年的时间，新生的祠堂落成了。原址的火山岩砌体结构与钢木张拉结构形成鲜明的对比，是我们对海南国际自由贸易岛建设时期的文化对撞期的建筑化理解与表达。远看是一个几何形体的现代建筑，能够通行国际建筑语言；近看却能发现海南传统的树种、废墟中精美的祠堂残片等许多细节，令人不由感慨与联想，我们的祖先曾怎样衣冠南渡，在这片热土上耕耘……

Finally, after one year’s efforts, the new birth of the ancestral halls is completed. The strong contrast between the old volcanic stone walls and the newly-built steel and wood tensile space structure represents our understanding of the civilization collision of Hainan, which is developing from a traditional island to the international free trade port. It looks a modern architecture in geometric shapes faraway, while numerous details of the old delicate fragments can be found closely. It is evocative of full imagination how the ancestors sailed across the sea to this island and lived in this land.

每到晚上7:30亮灯，星星点点的地灯倒映在玻璃顶棚上，仿佛一片星空，印在海南蔚蓝的夜空里。此地成了村民纳凉的好去处，经常看到小朋友的小车子和小皮球在里面。更偶遇过一个5岁的哥哥，拉着他3岁妹妹的手，爬上了祠堂脚下民宅的屋顶，指着这个又古老又新潮的建筑说：“看，我们的神庙！”

When the night falls, the scattered lights on the ground begin to project on the glass roof at 7.30pm every day, like a starry sky reflected in the deep blue background. It turns out to be a good place for people to enjoy the cool in the semi-open air. Children’s toy cars and balls can often be seen inside. Once we saw a five-year old boy climbed up the house roof at the foot of the ancestral hall, “Look, this is our ancestral temple!” , and proudly introduced this old and modern architecture to his little sister.