美国国家陆军博物馆：守纪、谦逊、严谨 / SOM

项目地点 弗吉尼亚州贝尔沃堡

设计单位  SOM

预期竣工时间   2019

项目面积  17187平方米

美国国家陆军博物馆将是首个讲述美国最古老军种历史的国家博物馆，展现美国陆军早期由殖民地国民军成长为现今世界最强大的地面部队的发展历程。设计作为美国陆军象征性的“大门”，博物馆将成为教育和鼓舞人心的中心以及具有国家意义的文化机构。

The National Museum of the United States Army will be the first national museum to tell the story of America's oldest military service, from its earliest days as the colonial militia to its present-day status as the world's most powerful ground force. Designed to serve as the Army's symbolic front door, the museum will become a center for education and inspiration, and a cultural institution of national significance.

博物馆建筑群位于弗吉尼亚州贝尔沃堡军事基地，横跨约339536平方米的土地，将由用于举办展览和活动的主楼、肃静的纪念花园、阅兵广场和看台，以及设有讲解站的陆军步道组成。设计的灵感源自雅典卫城和美国西点军校这类标志性建筑，方案利用基地的自然地形，将博物馆置于高地，以营造纪念碑式的宏伟观感。

Spanning 84 acres across the Fort Belvoir Military Installation in Virginia, the complex will be composed of a pavilioned main building for exhibits and special events, a quiet memorial garden, a parade field and grandstand, and an Army Trail with interpretive stations. Drawing inspiration from such iconic works of architecture as the Acropolis in Athens and the United States Military Academy at West Point, the plan exploits the site's natural topography, resting the museum on a plateau to evoke a sense of monumentality.

具有象征意义的体验始于入口的通路，穿过一片平坦的绿草地，透过树林的间隙瞥见以不锈钢结构包裹的博物馆展厅。在通路的末端，首先映入眼帘成为视线焦点的是一块黑色的岩石，上面刻有美国玺印和陆军的座右铭“This We'll Defend”。沿着纪念墙和捐赠石铺就的漫步长廊，参观者到达博物馆的入口。

The symbolic experience begins with the access road, which offers a glimpse of the stainless steel-clad museum through the trees and across a long meadow. Upon arrival off the access road, the first sight is a black stone "focal point" emblazoned with the Great Seal of the United States and the Army's motto: "This We'll Defend." Just beyond the focal point, a grand promenade lined with donor pavers and a memorial marker wall guide visitors toward the entrance to the museum.

建筑的设计呼应了陆军的理念：守纪、谦逊、严谨。简洁而锐利的外立面由约20.3厘米厚的不锈钢防雨板和最小的嵌装玻璃构成，景致投射到外立面上，让建筑的特征随着季节和一天时间的变化而变化。每一个展馆的角落，嵌入式的玻璃板和漆面铝制板相间，为立面增添了动感。主楼由五个展厅组成，针对特定的内部功能而设计，彼此由玻璃门槛和木鳍相连接，以显著区分空间和功能的转换，呈现置身于田园的观感。木鳍都是由美国本土的白橡木和白蜡木制成，相隔约45.7厘米并嵌入线性的LED灯条与脚下条纹式的木地面相对齐。

The design of the museum evokes the principles of the Army: it is disciplined, modest, and rigorous. The simplicity and sharpness of the exterior enclosure - made of eighth-inch-thick, rainscreen-insulated panels of stainless steel and minimal glazing - allows reflections to be cast on the facade, transforming the character of the building through every season and time of day. At the corner of each pavilion, recessed glass panels alternate with painted aluminum fins to add a sense of dynamism to the facade. Because the complex itself lies on a three-foot grid system, with every joint and edge of the building falling on these subdivisions with precision, each aluminum fin is spaced 18 inches apart to fall exactly on the edges of the laser-cut panels. The building is organized into five pavilions, designed according to specific interior functions, that are connected by glass thresholds with wood fins to signal transitions between spaces and to offer views of the bucolic surroundings. Each wood fin - made of American white oak and ash - stand 18 inches apart and are embedded with linear LED strips that line up with the striped wood flooring underfoot.

博物馆内部，宏伟的大厅彰显了象征性的特征，灵活地设计了可转换成能容纳460个座椅的宴会厅，以供筹集资金及其他活动使用。不锈钢塔柱讲述着士兵个人的故事，引领着参观者从长廊穿过前厅进入展厅。大厅的方格天花板装饰着一系列半透明层压玻璃板，与过去陆军的勋带相配，表现其不仅关注历史大环境而且关注于个人的贡献。黑色花岗岩荣誉墙上列出了每一场战役，大堂的水磨石地面印有一个直径6.4米的陆军徽章。与主厅相连的是一个环绕300度的剧院，可容纳122名观众观看影片及其他数字内容。大堂和休息区及咖啡厅的天花板同样运用了方格式的设计语言。

Inside the museum, a grand lobby presents several symbolic features, and is designed with the flexibility to transform into a 460-seat banquet hall for fundraisers and other events. Stainless steel pylons sharing individual soldier stories lead visitors from the promenade, through the vestibule, and into the exhibition hall. Visible through a glazed entrance, the lobby features a coffered ceiling with a series of 22 translucent, laminated glass panels that match campaign streamers of the Army's past - bringing the focus not only to history, but to the individual soldier. A black granite honor wall lists each campaign, and a 21-foot-diameter Department of the Army emblem is inscribed in the lobby's terrazzo floor. A 300-degree theater, adjacent to the main gallery hall, seats up to 122 people for film screenings and to display other digital content. The coffered language of the lobby ceiling is also carried into the retail space and cafe - which opens onto the first of three terraced gardens.

二层主要是办公区域以及广阔的展览空间。三层设有一个退伍军人大厅，以及面积约836平方米的荣誉勋章花园。退伍军人大厅，是一个光线充足的活动空间，延续了方格天花板的美学风格，整个空间主要运用美国白橡木和白蜡木这种可持续性材料以营造温暖和放松的观感。荣誉勋章花园，位于主展厅的屋顶，是一处举办陆军军队仪式的静思空间。线性的设计，灵感来自勋章授予者的三个核心特征：无畏、勇敢、英勇。条纹状的花岗岩铺面与室内的网格天花板相呼应，上面印有的陆军荣誉勋章对位于大堂地面上军徽的正上方。玻璃栏杆让参观者能亲近阅兵场和远方的景观。花园的点睛之处，是一堵约3米高的黑色花岗岩墙，上面刻着每一位陆军荣誉勋章获得者的名字，灵活性的设计考虑到了未来新添获奖者的需求。

Offices and expansive gallery space characterize the second floor, and the third level is highlighted by the Veterans' Hall and the 9,000-square-foot Medal of Honor Garden. The Veterans' Hall, a light-filled event space supplementing the lobby, continues the illuminated coffered ceiling aesthetic. Sustainably sourced American white oak and ash are used prominently throughout this space to create a sense of warmth and relaxation, with screens on both sides of the hall that open into small, private nooks with views of thelandscape. The Medal of Honor Garden - a contemplative space for hosting ceremonial Army events and located on the roof above the main lobby - can be accessed through the Veterans' Hall as well as through The Medal of Honor Experience and temporary exhibition galleries outside the third-floor elevator bank. Designed linearly, the garden is inspired by the three core character traits of Medal of Honor recipients: intrepidity, gallantry, and valor. The striped granite paving of the garden matches the coffered ceilings inside the building, and is emblazoned with the Army Medal of Honor and stainless steel stars directly above the Army emblem on the lobby floor below. Glass railings connect visitors to views of the parade field and landscape. The highlight of the garden, however, is a 10-foot-tall, black granite wall engraved with the names of every Army recipient of the prestigious Medal of Honor, and designed with the flexibility to add future honorees.

由于建筑群向公众开放，且位于贝尔沃堡控制范围外，建筑的设计符合国防部统一设施安全标准（UFO）。广阔的景观特征被用来提供高水准的安保，并创造一个欢迎游客的环境。

As the complex is open to the public and outside the controlled perimeter of Fort Belvoir, the project site and building are designed to meet the Department of Defense's Unified Facilities Criteria (UFO) standards for security. Extensive landscape features are utilized to provide high levels of protection and security and create an environment that is welcoming to visitors.

设计者专注于构造一个高性能的建筑，保持空间灵活性的同时也减轻新博物馆整体的碳排放影响。建筑设计之初就以获得LEED白银级别认证为目标，其采取的可持续性措施包括隔热改善、玻璃装配改善、高效LED照明、自动自然采光控制和感应开关、低流量给水设备以及绿色屋顶。通过一种综合的、有前瞻性的可持续发展方法，建筑能够最大限度地减少能源和水的使用，为参观者和员工创造健康的空间，并积极参与到户外的环境中。

SOM focused on providing a high-performance building, while maintaining the flexibility of the space and reducing the overall carbon impact of the new museum. Designed to earn LEED Silver certification, the museum incorporates sustainable features such as radiant heating and cooling, increased insulation, improved glazing, high-efficiency LED lighting, automatic daylighting controls and occupancy sensors, low- flow plumbing fixtures, and green roofs. Through an integrated, proactive approach towards sustainability, SOM has created a building that is able to minimize the use of energy and water, create healthy spaces for visitors and employees, and engage actively with the outdoor environment.

完整项目信息

Location: Fort Belvoir, Virginia

Architect: Skidmore Owings & Merrill (SOM)

Anticipated Completion: 2019

Site Area: 339,936㎡

Project Area: 17,187㎡

Number of levels: 5

Building Height: 30.48m

Market: Civic + Government, Cultural

Service: Architecture, MEP, Structural + Civil Engineering, Sustainable Design, Urban Design + Planning

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