朱拉隆功百年纪念公园：降低城市生态风险 / LANDPROCESS

设计单位  LANDPROCESS

项目地点  泰国曼谷

项目面积  44,800平方米

建成时间  2017年3月

本文文字主要由设计单位提供，部分文字摘自美国景观设计师协会（ASLA）官网。

如今，由于不断变化的气候导致海平面上升、风暴潮和突发暴雨，世界范围内地势低洼的城市正在因为城市洪灾而苦苦支撑。作为这些城市中的一员，随着海平面的上升和混凝土设施的成倍增加，曼谷每年都会下沉2厘米。

Today, as our constantly-fluctuating climate causes rising sea levels, storm surges, and unexpectedly heavy rainfall, low-lying cities across the globe are bracing for urban flooding disaster. As sea levels rise and concrete infrastructure multiplies, Bangkok is sinking two centimeters every year.

在30年的快速城市发展中，位于曼谷市中心的宝贵资产——11英亩（约合4.45公顷）土地和1.3公里道路——首次没有变成另一个商业用途的街区。取而代之的是一个可供大众使用的公园。朱拉隆功百年纪念公园于2017年开放，是曼谷首个能够减轻有害生态问题和降低灾害风险的重要绿色基础设施。

For the first time in 30 years of rapid urban development, an invaluable property at the heart of Bangkok—11 acres of land and 1.3 kilometers of the road— was not turned into another block for commercial use. Instead, it is transformed into a public park for people. Opened in 2017, Chulalongkorn Centenary Park is the first critical piece of green infrastructure in Bangkok to mitigate detrimental ecological issues and reduce disaster risk.

与其他的城市公园不同，这是泰国首例，展示一个公园如何帮助减少城市洪灾和应对气候变化，同时也为城市居民提供了与自然接触的场所。公园采用了创新的生态设计元素，同时提醒着人们，城市应当如何与水共存，而不是畏惧它。

Unlike other public parks around the city, this is the first in Thailand to demonstrate how a park can help the city reduces urban flooding and confronts climate change, all while offering city dwellers a place to reconnect with nature. Designed with innovative ecological design components, the park reminds the city how to live with water, rather than fear it.

曼谷是一个平坦的城市。公园坐落在一个倾斜角度为3度的地形上。利用重力，公园能够可持续地收集、处理和储蓄水资源，以减少其周边地区的城市洪灾风险。公园具有丰富的生态功能，从最高点的绿色屋顶、湿地、蓄水草坪，再到最低点的蓄水池塘，绝不浪费任何水资源。雨水和径流通过公园的地势，形成了一个完整的水循环系统。考虑到50年一遇的降水量和经常不堪重负的公共排污系统，该公园在暴雨期间最多可承纳一百万加仑（约合3785.4立方米）的水。

Bangkok is a flat city. By harnessing the power of gravity, The park is able to sustainably collect, treat, and hold water to reduce urban flood risks in its surrounding areas. Sitting on a three-degree angle, the park is equipped with several ecological features, from its highest point,—green roof, wetlands, detention lawns, to its lowest point, retention pond—leaving not a single drop of rain wasted. The rain and runoff are pulled down through the park’s topography to generate a complete water circulation system. Taking into account a 50-year period of rainfall intensity and the frequently overwhelmed public sewage system, the park is able to hold up to a million gallons of water during heavy rainfall.

在公园的最高点，任何人都可以欣赏到曼谷的天际线，不是在昂贵的屋顶酒吧或摩天大楼停机坪上，而是在泰国最大的屋顶上（覆盖面积为5,200平方米），这里的开阔的天空和茵茵绿草都免费开放给所有人。屋顶铺设了低维护成本、能够吸引当地的鸟类和昆虫的本地原生草和杂草，屋顶在密集的城市背景下，营造了一种乡村和自然氛围的独特体验。

At the park’s highest point, any member of the public can see Bangkok’s skyline—not on an expensive rooftop bar or a skyscraper helipad, but atop the biggest green roof in Thailand covering 5,200 square meters where open skies and green grass are free to all. Laid with low-maintenance native grass and weeds which attract local birds and insects, the roof provides a unique experience of a rural and natural environment with a dense urban backdrop.

溢出的径流从绿色屋顶向下流至四个人工湿地，公园两侧各有两个。一系列的落水堰和池塘，在能够过滤清洁水流的原生水生植物的协助下，减缓径流速度并增加水流的含氧量。在曼谷这样一个钢筋混凝土建造的城市中，公园提供了一个隐秘的绿洲，在流水声的相伴之下，儿童和成人都可以在这里探索并体验与湿地互动的乐趣。

Excessive runoff from the green roof then flows down to four constructed wetlands, two on each side of the park. A series of cascading weirs and ponds slow the runoff and increase water aeration, aided by native water plants that filter and clean the water. In the concrete city of Bangkok, the park provides a hidden oasis where kids and adults can explore and interact with wetlands and hear the sound of flowing water.

公园中心的主草坪是一个用于娱乐活动的，广阔且倾斜的开放空间。与城市中其他平坦的公园不同，这座倾斜的公园为公共活动营造了一种仿佛多功能环形剧场的独特体验。在暴风雨时，草坪会吸收雨水和地表径流，并利用重力将水送至公园低点尽头的蓄水池。在发生严重洪灾时，该蓄水池可以扩大到公园的主草坪，尺寸会增加一倍，从而可以储存过溢的水。游客也可以跳上固定在池塘边的水上自行车，通过踩踏保持水流的含氧量，从而成为公园水处理系统中的活跃部分。

The main lawn at the park’s center is a vast inclined open space for recreational activities. Unlike other flat parks around the city, this inclined park offers the unique experience of multi-purpose amphitheater for public events. On stormy days, the lawn absorbs rain and runoff, using gravity to send the water to the retention pond by the low end of the park. During severe flooding, this retention pond can store excessive water and double in size by expanding into the park’s main lawn. Visitors, too, can become an active part of the park’s water treatment system by hopping onto any stationary water bikes along the pond and using their exercise to keep the water aerated.

该公园具有可持续的排水系统，绿色屋顶、湿地、渗透区域、池塘、开放式沼泽、小型口袋公园、蓄水草坪和蓄水池塘，可以说是通过多种景观手段减少城市洪水灾害的典范。曼谷迫切需要更多的公园，但更重要的是，可以持续应对气候不确定性的公园。

Featuring sustainable drainage systems, a green roof, wetlands, porous areas, ponds, an open swale, small pocket parks, detention lawns, and a retention pond, the park is a premiere example of various landscape solutions for urban flood disaster reduction. Bangkok desperately needs more parks, but more importantly, productive ones that can sustainably confront climate uncertainty.

由于曼谷经常经历干旱和季风，公园的水和景观将不断地增长和转变，为游客提供新的体验环境。遵循建立城市森林的种植理念，公园中258种植物从种子或幼树开始种植在这里，这些植物很容易适应气候的变化，重建健康的生态系统，并为本地鸟类、昆虫和其它授粉者提供了栖息地。

As Bangkok experiences droughts and monsoons, the park’s water and landscape will continually grow and transform to unveil new environments for visitors to experience. Following the planting concept of establishing urban forests, 258 varieties of plants and trees have been grown either from seed or as young seedlings which easily adapt to climate changes, recreate a healthy ecosystem, and provide habitat for local birds, pollinators, and insects.

绿色屋顶下面是由倾斜的建筑限定而成的博物馆和停车空间。此外，三个地下储水箱存储绿色屋顶吸收的雨水。其储水量最多可在干旱季节灌溉公园一个月。

Underneath the green roof lies a museum and parking space, made possible by the inclined architecture. Additionally, three underground tanks store rainwater absorbed from the green roof. The amount of water held can irrigate the park for up to a month during dry seasons.

在应对气候风险的同时，公园还为大学社区，周围社区和城市居民提供了休闲空间和户外教室。与主要草坪相邻的是八个“景观户外教室”，排列在公园的两侧，每个教室都有不同的生物群落和布局，可作为多功能区域。其中包括药草园、冥想区、阅览室、竹园、游乐场和土制圆形剧场。无论是选择多孔部件还是本地材料，这些室外“教室”都通过细节，最好地补充了公园的主要生态特征。

While playing a role in confronting climate risk, the park simultaneously serves as a recreational space and outdoor classroom for the university community, surrounding neighborhoods and urban dwellers. Adjacent to the main lawn are eight “landscape outdoor classrooms,” each with different biomes and layouts, lining both sides of the park to serve as diverse multi-purpose areas. They include an herb garden, meditation area, reading room, bamboo garden, playgrounds, and earthen amphitheater. Whether in the choice of porous components or locally-sourced materials, these outdoor classrooms incorporate details to best complement the park’s main ecological features.

垂直于公园的1.3公里长的道路被重新设计，将优先级从汽车转向行人和骑行者，这是曼谷的首例此类道路。通过将四个车道减少为两个，为步行者和骑行者提供空间，这条曾经拥挤不堪的街道，现在能够将人无缝地、直接地引到周围社区的住宅，娱乐和零售设施。公园两旁是雨水花园的走廊，以提供荫凉和舒适感，并减少相邻道路表面的径流。这种设计向曼谷证明了商业开发区最终可以成为行人友好区的可能性。

The first of its kind in Bangkok, the 1.3-kilometer road running perpendicular to the park was redesigned to shift priority from cars to pedestrians and cyclists. By reducing four vehicle lanes into two, providing space for people walking and biking, the once heavily-congested street now seamlessly connects pedestrians and cyclists directly to surrounding neighborhoods’ residential, entertainment, and retail facilities. The park is lined with corridors of rain gardens on both sides to provide shade and human comfort, and reduce runoff from the adjacent road surface. This design is evidence to Bangkok the possibility of a commercially-developed area that is, finally, pedestrian-friendly.

尽管几十年来，气候变化一直是一个突出的问题，但毫无疑问，我们正在迈向可持续性和弹性的时代。只通过一个公园并不能控制整个城市的洪水泛滥，但本项目是向前勇敢迈进的第一大步。城市发展是不可避免的，人口也必然会随之增加，但是作为景观设计师，我们有义务思考所有可能的解决措施，并为我们的未来带来希望。

While climate change has been a prominent issue for decades, we are undoubtedly moving towards an age of sustainability and resiliency. A single park cannot control flooding across an entire city, but Chulalongkorn Centenary Park is a big, bold first step. Urban development is inevitable and the population is bound to rise, but it is our obligation as landscape architects to consider every possible solution and sign of hope for our future.

完整项目信息

Landscape Architect: LANDPROCESS

Architectural Design: N7A architects 

Structural Engineering: (CASE) Civil AndStructural Engineers

MEP Engineering: EEC Engineering Network

Main Contractor: Syntec Construction

Construction Manager: CONSULTING & MANAGEMENT 49 (CM49)

Softscape Contractor: CORDIA

Graphic Designer: G49

Location: Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

Size Area: Park 44,800 sq.m. (28 Rails) Road 1.57 km ( 29.4 Rails)

Scope: Master Planning, Landscape Design

Project Status: Completed March 2017

参考资料

[1] https://www.asla.org/2019awards/620062-Chulalongkorn_University_Centenary_Park.html?fbclid=IwAR0_rmvi-JRhEwopG3RFjZy1_Ls1NXkLlFX1FhGhdGidjfFwr6UMk7w_SBI

[2] https://landprocessdesign.wixsite.com/landprocess/cucentenarypark

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