SOM新作：斯堪的纳维亚“第一高楼”，Karlatornet大厦

设计单位  Skidmore, Owings & Merrill（SOM）

项目地点  瑞典哥德堡

建成时间  2024年

建筑面积 270000平方米

本文英文原文由SOM提供，由有方编译。

为庆祝哥德堡建城400周年而打造的Karlatornet大厦，不仅是斯堪的纳维亚地区最高的建筑，同时也是该地区最高的多功能塔楼。该项目由SOM设计，是这座城市的新地标，也是推动哥德堡滨水区域更新转型的催化剂。

Conceived to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Gothenburg, Karlatornet is not only the tallest building in Scandinavia but also the region's tallest mixed-use tower. Designed by SOM, it serves as a striking new landmark for the city and a catalyst for the transformation of Gothenburg's riverside district.

这座塔楼外形优雅而醒目，打破了城市原有的低密度发展格局，带动Lindholmen滨水区域转型为一个充满活力与特色的片区，汇集了商店、餐饮和公共空间。

An elegant and striking form, the tower departs from the city's traditional low-density development patterns and catalyzes the transformation of the Lindholmen riverside district into a bustling and characterful area with shops, restaurants, and public space.

Karlatornet大厦提供611套多种户型的新住宅，满足城市居民的居住需求。建筑内还配备共享公共设施，营造充满活力的社区氛围。此外，该项目还为游客和公众提供酒店、餐厅、办公空间，以及一座观景平台，可俯瞰哥德堡的城市美景。

The tower offers 611 new homes of various apartment types, catering to the needs of the city's residents. The building also incorporates shared amenities that help create a lively community. Additionally, Karlatornet offers visitors and the public a hotel, restaurant, workspace and an observation deck that provides stunning views of Gothenburg.

项目缘起

Project origins

本项目的设计目标是改造城市中一处长期废弃的工业造船厂区域。该地段位于优越的中心区域，项目业主Serneke希望通过引入新的混合功能和紧缺的住宅资源，来重新激活该区域。

The ambition for the project was to transform an industrial shipyard area of the city which had been unused and dilapidated for a long time. Given its central location, our client - Serneke - saw an opportunity to revitalize the district with new mixed-use functions and much-needed new homes for the city.

通过一场国际竞赛，SOM赢得了该项目。塔楼高达246米，标志着瑞典传统开发模式的一次转变。由于瑞典的建筑规范主要面向低层和中层建筑，主要挑战之一是在高层建筑这一新类型中确立可持续性能标准。设计团队聚焦于提升能效、减少材料使用，并通过优化建筑朝向来降低风荷载。建筑外立面亦采用了超高性能的设计。

Following an international competition, SOM was awarded the project which, at 246 meters tall, marks a shift from traditional development patterns in Sweden. Given that the country's building regulations focus on low and mid-rise buildings, one of the key challenges was to ensure that this typology could establish appropriate sustainable performance benchmarks. Our team focused on efficiency and reduced material use as a key plank in the project's sustainability strategy, positioning and rotating the building within the site to reduce wind loading. The building also features an ultra-high-performing facade design.

作为城市新地标，Karlatornet大厦在设计中回应了城市群岛地貌与历史悠久的Hamnkanalen运河环境，采用哑光、接近自然色调的外观材料，以及独特的扭转造型，使得人们从建筑内部空间能够眺望滨水景观或城市风貌。

As a new landmark for the city, Karlatornet's design responds to the context of the city's archipelago and the historic Hamnkanalen through its external palette of matte, earthy-colored materials and its unusual twisting form which affords views over the waterfront or the city from the inside.

创新展示

Showcasing innovation

在当地环境中建造如此独特的建筑，Karlatornet大厦这一项目面临诸多技术挑战。

Constructing a structure as unusual as Karlatornet in its local context presented many technical challenges.

项目需克服的重大难题之一，是其建造地为典型的软质“快速”黏土（soft "quick" clay）地基，这在哥德堡十分常见。为此，建筑采用了58根直径2米的钢筋混凝土端承钻孔桩，穿透软土层直达60米深处的片麻岩（类似于花岗岩）岩层。

The project required overcoming the huge construction challenge of building on soft "quick" clay that is highly plastic and typical of Gothenburg. The building's substructure comprises 58 end-bearing reinforced concrete (RC) bored piles of Ø2m, which extend to the gneiss (granite-like) rock formation at a depth of up to 60m through the soft clay.

岩石表面在塔楼底部倾斜较大，为项目增加了复杂性。桩基需采用复杂而罕见的施工技术，包括桩基深入岩石9米，以避免岩面滑动失稳；同时，在浇筑混凝土前还需进行碎石气举及多次水洗清孔。

There was an added complexity to the foundation due to the rock surface being steeply sloped across the tower's footprint. The piles required complex and highly unusual boring techniques, including deep pile socketing into the rock by up to 9m to mitigate against slip failure of the rock across the sloping surface and airlifting of crushed rock fragments and multiple water flushing of the bore before concreting.

这些桩基承托着一个33×33×3.75米的钢筋混凝土筏板，承载上部结构的荷载。筏板中设有一个6.85米深的、为塔楼服务的高速电梯坑。这一结构悬挂于筏板，而非在筏板内创造一个折叠，从而简化了施工工艺。

The piles support a 33x33x3.75m RC raft that supports the superstructure loads. The raft includes a 6.85m deep pit required for high-speed lifts serving the tower, which is effectively formed of a slab suspended from the main raft, rather than a fold created in the raft slab that would have been more complex to construct.

项目还需引入该地区并不常见的特殊施工专业知识。项目团队整合了来自斯洛伐克、英国和瑞典的国际专家资源。其中，桩基施工由经验丰富的丹麦承包商完成，涉及的施工深度和规模在当地十分少见。

The project also demanded unusual construction specialisms that were less familiar in the region so our project team combined the specialist knowledge and expert repertoire of an international team from Slovakia, the United Kingdom and Sweden. The installation of the piles required the expertise of specialist Danish contractors and construction techniques which are unusual at such depth and magnitude.

作为首个采用钢筋混凝土核心筒、预应力外伸结构系统的项目，Karlatornet大厦为更广泛的结构工程行业设立了新标杆，提供了一种坚固、材料利用高效的混凝土结构设计方案，其设计受风荷载作用下的使用性能所制约。

As the first example of an RC core/PT outrigger system, this sets an important precedent for advancing the wider structural engineering profession by creating stiff and materially-efficient concrete structures whose design is governed by service performance under wind loading.

可持续性

Sustainability

建筑的体量和朝向最大限度地减少了对材料、采暖、制冷和照明的需求。在早期风洞测试中，设计团队发现原始的朝向会使建筑暴露在主导风向下，带来过高的风荷载和加速度。为了最小化结构元素以满足所需的强度和刚度，设计团队找到了一个解决方案：通过将塔楼整体旋转45度，使其主要荷载落于更宽的斜面，提升了结构刚度，从而大幅减少了优化侧向结构所带来的碳排放。

The massing and orientation of the building minimize the demand for materials, heating, cooling and lighting. During the initial stages of wind tunnel testing, we found that the original orientation of Karlatornet was exposed to predominant wind directions, resulting in high wind loads and accelerations. To minimize the structural elements to meet the required strength and stiffness, our team found a solution by rotating the tower's orientation by 45 degrees to increase its inherent stiffness by loading it over the wider, diagonal face. This resulted in significant savings in embodied carbon associated with the optimized lateral system.

该建筑通过被动策略响应哥德堡的温带气候，专注于热容、遮阳和自然采光，以保障全年居住的舒适性。这些策略也影响了外立面设计和住宅内部空间的布局。

The building responds to Gothenburg's temperate climate through passive strategies, focused on thermal mass, shading and lighting to ensure optimal indoor comfort for occupants throughout the year. These strategies also helped to inform the building's facade articulation and the internal layout of the apartments.

具有集成三层玻璃窗的高绝缘高性能外围护结构，使整体建筑混合传热系数U值仅为0.55W/m²℃，处于行业领先水平。同时，在防火和电梯系统方面的设计也在本地区设立了新的标准。

A well-insulated high-performing enclosure with integrated triple-glazed windows results in a class-leading 0.55W/m²°C blended U-value across the entire building. Equally, design for fire safety and lifting performance defined new standards in this location.

在项目的各个环节，设计都优先考虑材料的选择。例如，建筑使用的混凝土比传统混凝土含有更低的波特兰水泥量，从而降低了气候影响。通过优化筏板混凝土配方，替代约三分之一的水泥，成功减少超过400吨二氧化碳当量排放。

Sensitive material selection was prioritized in every aspect of the project. For example, the concrete used on Karlatornet contains a significantly lower content of Portland cement than traditional concrete, resulting in a lower climate impact. Refining the concrete mix for the raft and replacing about a third of the cement with alternatives saved more than 400 tonnes of CO₂e.

Karlatornet大厦坐落于新开发片区的核心位置，周边配套有全新的基础设施，并与城市各地联系便捷。建筑的多功能混合业态与公共设施不仅塑造了片区的整体特征与发展方向，也显著带动了区域经济。预计该项目在未来六到七年将实现约100亿瑞典克朗的营业额。

Karlatornet is located in the heart of a newly-developed district with new infrastructure and a variety of transport connections to the rest of the city. Its mixed-use functions and public amenities not only contribute to defining the area's character and future of development but also to its economic performance, with an estimated turnover of ten billion SEK over the next six to seven years.

完整项目信息

Client: Serneke GROUP Ab

Expertise: Hospitality, Mixed Use, Residential, Structural Engineering, Urban Design + Planning

Location: Gothenburg, Sweden

Completion Year: 2024

Site Area: 143,000 square meters

Building Height: 247 meters

Number of Stories: 74

Building Gross Area: 270,000 square meters

Collaborators: BMT Defense Services, Ltd, Bengt Dahlgren, Rejlers Ab, Semrén & Månsson, Kub Arkitekter, Andreas Martin-Löf Arkitekter, Vbk Konsulterande Ingenjörer Ab, Sweco, Norconsult, Peutz Group, Reef Associates Ltd

本文英文原文及图片由SOM授权有方发布，编译版权归有方空间所有。欢迎转发，禁止以有方编辑版本转载。