福田中学：城市中的“城市” / reMIX临界工作室

编辑：李博超 | 校对：李博超 | 2024.04.08 21:55

设计单位 reMIX临界工作室

合作设计院 深圳市华阳国际工程设计股份有限公司

项目地点 广东深圳

建成年份 2023年

项目面积 120,774平方米

本文文字由reMIX临界工作室提供。

位于深圳市中心区的福田中学是特区内规模最大的寄宿制高级中学之一。超高的建筑密度、紧张而复杂的都市环境，使其成为2018年福田新校园行动计划——8+1建筑联展中备受瞩目的项目之一。颠覆传统校园与城市分隔而设的惯例，打破边界、城校共享，原址重建后的福田中学试图提供一种“城市中的‘城市’”的校园新类型。

Futian High School Campus is a ground-breaking model of boarding school in the heart of Shenzhen, the most modern and dynamic Chinese metropolis. Its unicity comes from multiple factors: a context of extreme urban conditions, a very high density, a program layout that allows most facilities to be shared with the neighbours, together make Futian Campus a prototype of “a new city within the city”.

▲ 项目视频制作：直角建筑摄影

项目背景

1980 年，深圳设立“经济特区”之时，还只是一个人口仅 30 万的小渔村。漫长的海岸线和与香港毗邻的地理位置，使其具有重要战略意义。这座城市经历了人类历史上最快的城市化进程，仅44年后的今天，城市人口已接近 1800 万。

In 1980, when Shenzhen was given the status of “special economic zone”, the city was little more than a cluster of fishermen villages with a total population of 300,000 inhabitants in a strategic geographic position due to its extended coastline and its proximity to Hong Kong. Thanks to its special status the city has experienced the fastest process of urbanization in human history and nowadays it hosts almost 18 million inhabitants.

这种前所未有的城市增长模式犹如一把双刃剑：一方面，它使深圳在社会和经济上成为中国创新的引擎；另一方面，深圳的土地稀缺和随人口扩张不断增长的公共配套设施需求之间的矛盾日益激化：深圳的人口与北京相近，但面积仅为北京的八分之一；公共配套，特别是教育用地严重短缺，学校、数量远远无法跟上城市发展的脚步。深圳不仅在短时间内需要新建大量的中小学以迅速填补巨大的学位缺口，而且土地的稀缺迫使这批学校走向高密度校园的新类型。

This unprecedented urban growth has had positive and negative effects: on the one hand it has spurred the city to become the engine of Chinese innovation (both in social and economic terms); on the other hand it has produced phenomena of hyper-densification due to scarcity of available soil - as a reference Shenzhen and Beijing have a similar population, but Shenzhen has only 1/8 of Beijing’s area - and lack of public facilities, particularly schools, which have not managed to keep up with the pace of growth of the rest of the city. To solve this deficit, in the last five years the local government has built more than 200 new schools.

项目所在的福田区是特区的核心腹地，位于福田区中心的校园周边数公里内，可以看到这个年轻城市快速城市化产生的极为多样的城市肌理：东侧远方是香港米埔自然保护区湿地和连绵山脉，近处有拥挤的城中村（福田村，少数城中心存留的城中村之一）；西侧则是开阔的都市绿轴中心公园，远方则是CBD天际线；北、东、南三面被百米高层紧贴环绕，仅有西侧与城市街道福田路接驳——福田中学的场地可以被视作补完这片超高密度城中心区中的最后一块用地。

Futian is located right at the centre of the new metropolis. Within a radius of a few kilometres from the school, one can observe the greatest variety of urban fabrics: Hong Kong green reserve land in the distance, Futian urban village (one of the few remains of the old town) in the immediate adjacency, already surrounded by new 100+ meters high residential towers, the new Central Park in front and on the other side of the park, the imposing skyscrapers of the CBD. In this context, the site of the school, locked by high-rise buildings on three sides, presented itself as one of the last plots of low density to be upgraded by the new development.

城市对创新的追求在福田中学的设计竞赛中得到了回应。福田新校园行动计划“8+1”的一系列学校设计里，竞赛任务书要求建筑师从根本上重新思考“校园”的概念，探索新的学校建筑类型以应对前所未有的密度，适应新的教育模式改革；反思当代校园应担当的角色，提出新的校园空间范式以更好地与周边社区产生真实而紧密的共享关系。

The city’s search for innovation resonated in the competition call for Futian High School, through a new urban manifesto called “8+1 - Futian New Campus Action Plan”. The competition brief asked architects to fundamentally rethink the idea of “campus” and explore new school typologies that had to address an unprecedented density and a changing educational system; in other words rethinking what a contemporary school campus should be and how it can operate locally, proposing new hybrid typologies that allow a stronger dialogue with its neighbouring community.

城市策略

设计将教学塔楼和高层的宿舍体量沿着用地东侧和南侧布置，操场则布置于场地西侧，与周边已有的城市肌理共同形成东高西低的天际线，平稳地向西侧中心公园过渡。宿舍楼的庞大体量（长120米、高50米），经由一系列水平和竖向的体型“裂缝”，获得通透疏朗而尺度宜人的体形而融入周边环境，避免其产生对校园内外环境的压迫感。

The higher volumes of the teaching towers and the dorms are placed along the east and south boundaries of the site, creating a clear connection with the skyline of the adjacent buildings and a smooth degrading transition towards the urban void of the park. The imposing volume of the dorms (120m long and 50m high) is divided by a series of vertical and horizontal cuts that articulate the massing and bring down its scale to blend with the built fabric of the adjacent urban village.

不同于大部分中国的中小学中操场被作为校园中心焦点的方式，福田中学始终向外聚焦，平行交织与微折的教学楼体量创造多条东西向视觉通廊，最大限度地扩大朝向开阔的中心公园和远方起伏的CBD天际线。学生不再与城市隔绝，而是成为周边都市的积极观察者。

Contrary to most Chinese schools that are arranged around a central focal point (usually the sports field), the buildings of Futian Campus are focusing outwards: through a series of visual corridors all the volumes open up to the mesmerizing views of Futian Central Park and the CBD. Thus students are not isolated from the city anymore, but they are active spectators of the surrounding city.

一座没有围墙的学校：真正的城校共享

在中国，中小学校园在城市中仿若孤岛存在，是一座座从周边社区分离出来的小城市。丰富的空间设施因安全、管理风险等原因难以对外开放，日常使用坪效却很低。而福田中学的设计则对这种现状发出挑战：从规划布局策略到建筑动线设计，将最多的文体设施对社区开放，采用更加灵活的管理方案，减少公共设施的闲置和重复建设，这对于寸土寸金的高密度城区而言更为重要。

为了能够在用地紧张的场地上实现设计任务书中的所有功能需求，设计将操场抬升至7.4米的平台之上，并靠西侧城市街道放置，如此布局造就了一个与众不同的城市界面：学校沿主干道的边界不再是围墙，而是一个透明而有吸引力的立面，市民可直接从街道进入社会门厅，进而通向操场平台下方的一系列文体设施。朝向城市和校园内部的双门厅设计，使得分时共享可以便捷发生，却不会与校园内的学生活动相冲突。在周末或者举行特殊活动时，总面积达13600平方米的文体设施（篮球馆、风雨篮球场、排球场、羽毛球场、健身房、游泳池、展览空间以及一个可容纳1000人的报告厅）均能对外开放，使学校由封闭的孤岛转变成一个真正向公共开放的市民中心。

In order to fulfil all the functional requirements of the brief in a relatively small site, one crucial design decision was to elevate the running track 7.4m above the road level, creating a thick podium that hosts all the larger pieces of the program, organized around a series of courtyards that create a porous mat structure. This configuration allowed to create an unusual urban interface: rather than the standard blind fence, the school boundary along the main road is a transparent façade that gives direct access to a series of semi-public facilities. In the weekends or for special events, a group of indoor and semi-outdoor basketball, volleyball and badminton courts, a gym, a swimming pool, an exhibition space and a 1,000 seats auditorium (in total 13,600 m2 of public program) can all be opened to external users, thus transforming the school from a hermetic bubble into a civic centre.

为应对地块的不规则形状和局促的入口空间，设计将原本南北方向布置的操场逆时针旋转15度，不但可以吸纳不规则用地红线所造成的一系列边角空间，还在场地西南侧形成放大的入口广场和更加宜人开放的公共共享城市界面。操场的旋转使我们还给城市一个近千平方米的入口广场，一经落地即成为周边市民休闲、儿童玩耍运动的活力街区公园。

As a response to the irregular shape of the site, the running track on top of the podium is rotated 15 degrees anti-clockwise from the ideal north-south orientation to create a smoother connection with the buildings around it. As a result a triangular plaza is formed on the south-west corner of the plot, where the main gate is located. The entrance plaza is designed to give a generous space for the intense traffic of students and parents in school hours, but, especially in the evenings, it is also effectively a new active space open for public use.

占据近一半场地面积的400米田径场，是具有田径特色的福田中学体育教育的核心设施，也是周边2公里范围内唯一的标准田径场。它与真草足球场、可容纳超过3000名观众的看台一同，让福田中学的操场成为区级体育设施：除周末及寒暑假为周边市民提供专业的运动场地外，也为周边中小学一年一度的校园运动会提供场地。

A large stair connects the street with the grades of the sports field, allowing the facility to operate as a proper professional district-level stadium with a covered seats capacity for more than 3,000 spectators.

我们还在面向福田路的校园西侧界面通过一系列楼梯、坡道，将空中操场与地面街道顺滑连接，空中平台还预留立体交通网络接口：在不久的未来，这里将接驳一座通向对面中心公园的步行天桥，让城市中的公共资源实现彼此之间真正的互联互通。

The design of the public circulation includes the plan for a future addition of a pedestrian bridge that would create a direct connection between the stadium and the park.

超高密度校园的空间应对

福田中学在占地约41000平方米的原校址通过重新的校园设计，升级成为一所拥有60个行政班3000名高中生的寄宿制高中——超大的目标总建筑量使得除去田径场外建筑用地上的容积率达到3.87，是普通中学的2-3倍，因此被称为福田新校园行动计划“8+1”九所学校中的“高密度之王”。

Futian Campus is a boarding school for a community of 3,000 students with a GFA of 120,000 m2 on a plot area of 41,000 m2. The project started as a renovation of an existing school, but the original floor area had to be quadrupled, making any preservation strategy impossible.

在如此极端的高密度状况下，设计要满足日照条件、自然通风、消防安全以及其他严格的规范要求，已然是一项巨大的挑战。但最为挑战性的是，如何才能减少如此高密度校园所产生的压抑感？为此，我们提出“多孔校园”和“多层地面”两个空间策略。

With such numbers, the fulfilment of optimal solar conditions, proper natural ventilation, fire safety and other strict normative requirements was already a big achievement, but the most challenging design goal was to mitigate the sense of oppression that such high density could easily generate. For this scope, reMIX’s strategy focused on two main principles: maximizing porosity and “multiplying grounds”.

多孔校园的策略在水平和竖向两个维度上展开。水平向度上，一半以上的建筑体量置于抬升的操场层以下，在操场层（高密度校园的真正“人工地面”）感受到的校园空间则呈现出一种出人意料的松弛和疏朗，但抬升操场下超大进深裙房的空间品质也必须被周全的考虑。于是，我们见缝插针地植入大大小小的下沉庭院，激活空间深处的自然采光与通风，“板下空间”不仅完全避免了如地下室般的逼仄观感，且提供了大量遮风避雨、不需空调的运动与休闲空间。

在垂直向度上，宿舍及教学楼各层的架空活动空间，将东南风引入稠密的校园空间深处。这些精心设计的“空”，不仅创造出适宜亚热带气候条件的可呼吸空间聚落，同时也在庞大的校园中，带来与人亲近的尺度空间。

Achieving a high porosity, through the insertion of voids of different sizes both on the vertical axis (courtyards) and on the horizontal axis (covered terraces) is not only a valid design strategy to adapt to sub-tropical climatic conditions where natural ventilation is crucial, but it is also a way of creating new semi-outdoor spaces that operate at the human scale and help break down the imposing monumentality of the overall massing.

多层地面是在高强度开发的情况下保证校园空间品质的重要策略。我们以立体多层的户外空间格局，在高密度的校园中最大限度地引入自然，强化建筑与景观、室内与室外的融合：高效利用下沉庭院、裙房顶面、建筑物屋面，最大化室外和半室外活动空间，通过一系列空中连廊、架空层、屋面花园，构成丰富多元又尺度宜人的校园空间体验。

On a similar line, by “multiplying grounds” the massing process aims at creating as many active surfaces as possible, splitting the building volumes and displacing them on different interconnected levels. It is a spatial strategy that generates a distributed network of ever changing outdoor spaces and nodal filters through a large variety of connections and typologies of enclosure, smoothening up the transition between the landscape and the buildings.

“THE LOOP”空中社交圈：不仅仅是一个交通体系

当然，空中社交圈远不只是一个高效的交通体系，在规划上不是出于最短路径原则，设计上也不是一个简单的连廊系统，而是一个在教学楼6—7层间上下起伏，由楼梯、坡道、架空层、露天剧场、屋面花园等串联起来的连贯社交空间体系。它连接了校园高区中一系列最为公共的使用功能——教学区灵活教室、露天阶梯教室、宿舍共享学习及健身区等——这一系列非正式社交空间和创新启发式的学习空间，鼓励师生之间的交流、共享与碰撞随时随地自然发生。

空中社交圈营造了20余处尺度、高低、视野、围合感各不相同的户外和半户外空间，成为学生日常的发现与惊喜的来源——它在超高效的空间体系中提供了适度低效的可能，在超级集体生活中提供了极为必要的个人体验空间。

The loop, though, is not just a circulation system and it is certainly not driven only by efficiency, in fact none of the connections is straight nor follows shortest-walk principles. It is rather a three-dimensional combination of diverse social spaces (seating areas, open air classrooms, amphitheatres, roof gardens, etc.) that are designed to promote curiosity and inspire spontaneous activities and exchanges between students, recreating in a way all the interesting informal interactions that occur in the city. In other words, the loop is a meandering “social bend” designed to organize the campus life, privileging diverse individual experiences in spite of social segregation.

生态校园

福田中学紧邻深圳一条极为重要的候鸟迁徙通道。改造前的福田中学，每到候鸟迁徙季节，学生们便能看到成群的鸟在运动场的草地上休憩；改造后的福田中学维持东高西低的校园布局，种植真草的足球场与原福田中学操场草坪一样，继续与中心公园实现生态联动，成为一个对鸟类友好的生态校园，延续福田中学独特的空间记忆。

Futian campus is located along a very important corridor for migratory birds. In the old school, during the migration season, students could observe big flocks of birds resting on the grass of the sports field - one of the reason why the competition brief asked for a grass football pitch. The new massing of the campus degrading towards the park makes it a bird friendly eco-system.

在校园景观层面，我们希望福田中学成为一个促进物种多样性的海绵校园。操场、裙房屋面、空中活动圈和塔楼屋面布置有丰富的景观绿化，构建一个立体的生态和雨洪管理系统。教学楼的屋顶绿化设计各不相同，除屋顶农场、天台花园外，我们还为鸟类的栖居和觅食专门预留了一个非上人绿化屋面。

While the multiple courtyards and gardens on the podium are designed to address storm water management strategies and human-related needs, the green roofs of the teaching towers are mainly designed for the birds.

校园中立体多层的景观空间共同形成相互连接的生态基础设施，除了雨洪管理、鸟类保育等功能外，我们还在裙房中设置了一个峡谷自然博物馆，这个空间是设计师与各学科老师共创的结果，融入地理、自然、生态等学科的教学内容，为学生提供宝贵的教育素材和户外课堂，让教育与建筑真实互动，让校园真正成为一本教科书。

A three-dimensional system of green spaces creates an interconnected ecological infrastructure. The design of the green system responds to multiple functional goals: food provision for migratory birds, rain gardens and botanical exhibition areas provide environmental benefits as well valuable educational material for the students.