有温度的预制装配：“王师傅”的瞭望塔 / 大小景观

编辑：袁蓓祺 | 校对：李博超 | 2022.10.16 15:22

设计单位 大小景观

项目地点 山东烟台

建成时间 2022年

设计面积 15平方米（荒岭口）；2.5平方米（欧节沟）

本文文字由设计单位提供。

护林员是很少有人提及的一个群体，他们终日与群山为伴，与草木为友，工作孤寂且艰巨，我们常把护林员称为森林里的“哨兵”。每年的初冬到次年初夏，是护林防火期，这段漫长的日子是护林员们最为紧张和劳累的时节，他们需要时刻保持警惕，白日里四处巡逻，黑夜里眼观六路。森林瞭望塔为护林员提供了一个固定的可以登高望远的场所，以便及时发现火情。

With mountains being the only companion, lonely forest rangers are barely in people's discussions. Hailed as "guards of the forest", forest rangers are entrusted with the great responsibility of patrolling around the forest day and night. They need to remain vigilant at all times and they have to endure the most intense and exhausting long season of fire prevention, from early winter to the onset of summer. The observation tower is designed for rangers to examine potential fire disasters in time.

本次我们为昆嵛山国家级自然保护区设计了两处瞭望塔，分别建于荒岭口和欧节沟两处护林点。在这次设计实践中，我们一方面试图寻找合适的设计方法应对山林中的低干预建设需求，另一方面，我们试图通过人性化的设计为护林人送上一丝关怀与温暖。

Below are the design details of the two observation towers at Huanglingkou and Oujiegou, two stations of forest protection in the Kunyu Mountain National Park. In designing these two towers, not only did we try to figure out how to properly minimize the intervention to the mountain forest but we also made the design friendlier to people.

△ 荒岭口瞭望塔视频 ©大小景观

荒岭口瞭望塔

荒岭口护林点位于昆嵛山林场三分场内，山上松林覆盖、崎岖陡峭，终年人迹罕至。王师傅是荒岭口的护林员，他已经住在山里三十多年，他的妻子薄大嫂也一同守护了这片林海十几个年头。由于没有固定的瞭望塔及休息处，夫妻俩一天内要多次往返于山顶与山中的家里。在护林防火的关键期，他们常常风餐露宿，住在山间。

The forest service station of Huanglingkou is located at the third forest farm of the reserve. Traces of human beings are barely present on steep and rugged slopes covered with pinewoods. Mr. Wang, a forest guard at Huanglingkou, has been living in the mountain for over three decades. He and his wife, Ms. Bo, have been safeguarding the forest for more than ten years. Before the tower was installed, the couple had to go back and forth between their home inside the mountain and the mountain top. They even had to live in the mountains during the seasons when fire protection was the top priority.

瞭望塔选址于荒岭口山顶一片朝南的裸露岩石上，这片岩床能提供270度的广阔视野，非常适宜瞭望观察。

The observation tower is located on a south-facing exposed rock on the top of Huanglingkou Mountain. With a wide view of 270 degrees, this bedrock is one of the best observation locations.

但要在这片地形错综复杂的山林里建造一座瞭望塔，条件艰难：大型的施工设备无法进入场地，并且因为建造而产生的任何火灾隐患都必须规避。因此，我们提出了预制装配的设计策略。

However, building an observation tower is quite difficult in such a forest with complicated elevation changes. The place is inaccessible to large construction equipment. Furthermore, any fire hazards due to construction must be prevented. As a result, we proposed a strategy of prefabricated assemblies.

这意味着，我们不仅要设计瞭望塔本身，还要设计一套类似于宜家（IKEA）家具的拆解、运输、装配的体系。这样一来，我们才能将瞭望塔拆解成各个小的部件，在工厂加工好后，以灵巧机动的形式将其运送至山上，降低登山运输的难度和过程中对山体与植被的破坏。部件被运上山后，我们采用全螺栓装配的方式对各部件进行组装，规避电焊焊接引发火灾的风险。

This means that we have to design not only the tower itself, but also a process resembling the disassembly, transportation, and assembly of IKEA furniture. In this way, we can break the tower into small pieces and transport them flexibly up to the mountain top after manufacturing them in the factory. The process was designed to make climbing and conveying less arduous and to mitigate the damage to the mountain and vegetation. After components are prepared, workers can assemble them by bolts to stem out the risk of fire caused by electric welding.

因大型装载车无法进入山中，靠人工与“爬山虎”（一种迷你履带运输车）向山上运送部件 ©叶星

瞭望塔采用轻钢结构体系，既保证塔身坚固耐用，又能以悬挑的姿态轻盈地架于岩床之上。从外部看，瞭望塔是一个轻盈通透的玻璃“盒子”，角点的柱子被挪开，任意滑动的玻璃门，均是为了保证护林员更广阔、直接的视野。屋顶仿佛悬在空中，虽轻薄，但却可上人。护林员通过一个小巧而又紧凑的旋转楼梯便可上至屋顶，进行360度全景瞭望。

The observation tower is in a strong and durable light steel structure that can be placed on bedrock in an overhanging structure. It has an appearance of a light and transparent glass "box", removing pillars at the corners and installing sliding glass doors, all aiming at ensuring a broader and direct view for forest guards. Although the seemingly-hanging roof is thin, it is strong enough to support people standing there. Through a small and compact spiral staircase, rangers can ascend to the top to enjoy a 360-degree panoramic view.

这个轻盈而又可封闭的盒子长5米、宽3米，能同时为3-5人提供歇脚休息的空间，为护林员提供了一个遮风、挡雨、保暖的临时栖身之所。2.25米的室内净高和出挑的檐口（顶部檐口一面出挑1米，其余三面出挑0.5米）既不会让人觉得压抑，又能使人对屋顶与檐口产生强烈的感知，在心理上获得“檐下有家”的暗示。

The aforementioned light and closable box is 5 meters long and 3 meters wide. It serves as a resting place for 3-5 people and a temporary shelter from wind and rain to keep forest rangers warm. The indoor has a clear height of 2.25 meters and an overhanging eave (one side of the top eave is overhanging by 1 meter, while the remaining sides are by 0.5 meters). Taking the psychological suggestion of "being under the roof", people have a strong perception of both the roof and cornice.

暖调的碳化木地板与简洁的木质家具，营造出了温暖舒适的氛围。在一次回访中，当我们结束在瞭望塔内的一系列的测量与复盘，刚刚踏出室内时，陪同的王师傅立即拿起拖把将地板擦洗了一遍。此时我们才发现，原来护林员们在进入到瞭望塔室内时，都是脱鞋进入的，他们非常爱惜这里。

Warm-colored carbonized wood floors and simple wood furniture create a warm and comfortable atmosphere. When we stepped out of the room after finishing the measurements and reviews during a follow-up visit, Master Wang immediately picked up a mop and cleaned the floor. That is when we realized that forest rangers always take off their shoes when entering the room since they cherish it very much.

欧节沟瞭望塔

欧节沟位于昆嵛山林场二分场内，山上鲜有较低矮的赤松林和裸露的大岩床，大部分植被为高大的刺槐林，浓密的枝叶完全遮挡了人的视野。为了让护林员能快速越过树梢到达8米以上的高度，这里需要一座高挑瘦长的瞭望塔。

Oujiegou is located at the second forest farm of the reserve, an area mostly covered by tall locust trees whose dense branches and leaves completely block the view. While there are few low Japanese red pines or exposed large rock beds, a tall and slender observation tower is designed so that forest guards can rapidly reach a height of more than 8 meters above the treetops.

与荒岭口的瞭望塔一样，欧节沟瞭望塔的整座塔身也被设计成一个预制装配的系统。从分段接驳的立柱到每一片扶手的拼装部件，都预先在工厂加工制作，随后运送至场地，进行无焊接装配。

Like the observation tower at Huanglingkou, the entire body of the Oujiegou tower is also a prefabricated system. Everything, ranging from segmented columns to assembled parts of each handrail, is pre-processed and prefabricated in the factory. After which, they are transported to the site for welding-free assembly.

在体量上，我们希望尽可能地降低瞭望塔对场地的干预，圆形的平面与螺旋楼梯是最集约的方式。瞭望塔的塔身非常纤细，其投影面积仅为2.5平方米，台阶的宽度控制在0.7米，正好供一人拾阶而上。

If the aim is to minimize as much as possible the intervention created by tower volume on site, a circular plane and a spiral staircase are the most cost-effective options. The slender tower body has a projected area of only 2.5 square meters and the step width is controlled at 0.7 meters, just enough for one person to walk through.

塔体由一根直径0.4米的“定山神针”（中心立柱）以及其柱身上的“花藤”（楼梯踏步）所组成。塔高10米，端头微微探出树梢，刚好足够护林员瞭望远山。上下通体拉结的钢丝与种植钵，为攀爬植物提供了附着条件。随着岁月的流逝，瞭望塔将披上绿衣，隐于山林。

The tower body consists of a central column with a diameter of 0.4 meters and stair steps on the surface. It is 10 meters high and its top is a little bit taller than the treetop, sufficient for observers to look out over the distant mountains. Along the vertical wires and planting pots are attached plants climbing up. As the days go by, the observation tower will be clothed in green and hidden in mountains and forests.

瞭望塔的建成，为欧节沟护林员崔师傅的护林工作带来了极大的便利，他不再需要为了获得通透的视线而披荆斩棘。瞭望塔塔顶面积虽小，但也能容身。护林员可根据需要，通过可滑动的弧面玻璃调节通风；轴承旋转的活动地面，可遮盖楼梯开口，以便护林员安全而又自如的活动。

The observation tower has made life and work easier for Mr. Cui, a forest ranger in Oujiegou. He no longer needs to cut through thistles and thorns to get a clearer view. Although the tower top is small, he can still be accommodated. The ranger can adjust ventilation by sliding the curved glass. The ranger can move more safely and flexibly too via a movable floor with bearing rotation that covers the opening of the stairs.

小结

“王师傅的瞭望塔”是大小景观在昆嵛山国家级自然保护区开展的生态实践系列的其中一组功能性建筑。

The observation tower series refer to a set of functional building structures of Atelier Scale's ecological practice in the Kunyu Mountain National Park.

通过这次实践，我们研究并发展了一套预制装配的设计体系，这套体系使得在自然保护区内的建造更加安全、便利和高效，实现了在自然之中的低干预建造。另一方面，人文关怀是指导两座瞭望塔设计的重要原则，我们把瞭望塔当成自己每天都会使用的一种功能建筑来设计。希望在不久的将来，更多的“王师傅”“薄师傅”“崔师傅”这样的护林人能够在更为舒适、体面的瞭望塔上守护山林。

When the tower design was being drafted, we developed a system of prefabricated components featuring low-intervention, making the building process in the nature reserve safer, more convenient, and efficient. On the other hand, user-friendly is an important principle in this design. We treated these two observation towers as functional buildings for daily use, as we hope to see more forest rangers following the steps of Mr. Wang, Ms. Bo, and Mr. Cui in guarding the mountains and forests in more comfortable and decent observation towers.