依山就势：台山市广旭实验学校 / 象外营造工作室

编辑：袁蓓祺 | 校对：李博超 | 2022.10.15 21:27

设计单位 山东建筑大学建筑城规学院象外营造工作室

项目地点 广东江门

建成时间 2022年8月

建筑面积 8.41万平方米

本文文字由设计单位提供。

广东省江门市的台山市素有“第一侨乡”之誉，“侨乡特色”也自然成为此次校园设计过程中被提及频率最高的语汇。以笔者一个外来者的眼光看来，侨乡独具特色的聚落空间模式，存乎于内、外两个面向。

The city of Taishan in Jiangmen, Guangdong Province, is known as the 'first overseas Chinese town', 'overseas Chinese character' was naturally the most frequently mentioned term in this design process. From an outsider's point of view, the distinctive spatial pattern of settlements in the diaspora has both internal and external aspects.

一方面，绵延不绝的岭南丘壑和亚热带气候，孕育了独特且复杂的社会环境，进而催生了先民们以小尺度、防御性的聚居单元同宏观山水和社会环境进行互动的聚落营建模式。

On the one hand, the endless hills and valleys of the Lingnan region and the subtropical climate have given rise to a unique and complex social environment, which in turn has given rise to a pattern of settlement construction in which the ancestors interact with the macro landscape and social environment in small-scale, defensive settlement units.

另一方面，在与异域文化发生碰撞的过程中，属于特定历史时期的、丰富的“摩登”元素，造就了侨乡建筑不拘一格的多元风貌，传达出先民们开眼看世界的雄心。谓之“特色”，原因在于其对地理、气候、和社会环境的适应性，以及对于“新”和“现代性”的追求。

On the other hand, in the process of colliding with foreign cultures, the richness of the 'modern' elements belonging to a specific historical period created an eclectic and diverse style of architecture in the diaspora, conveying the ambition of the ancestors to open their eyes to the world. The so-called 'character' lies in the adaptation to the geographical, climatic and social environment, as well as in the pursuit of 'newness' and 'modernity'.

校园选址于台山市南新区边缘，西侧是经平整后大尺度的现代化城市新区网格，东侧是城市开拓边界以外的自然丘陵环境。

The campus is sited on the edge of the new southern area of Taishan City, with a large scale modern urban new area grid after levelling to the west and a natural hilly environment beyond the pioneering urban boundary to the east.

场地内部，南、北两座小山占据了校园用地的86%，竖向极差约63米。

The two hills to the north and south of the site occupy 86% of the campus site, with a vertical difference of approximately 63m.

场地南侧的山体与平坦的城市道路之间接近20米高的断崖护坡，彰显着城市开拓的雄心和强大的环境改造能力，却也多少倾诉着一丝遗憾：沧海桑田之后，倘或初生的孩子们不再能够体验到，或者至少看到先民们为之奋斗过的环境基质。所谓“文化传承”，则难免显得苍白无力。

The 20m high cliff berm between the hills on the south side of the site and the flat urban road highlights the ambition of the city and its ability to transform the environment, but also somewhat speaks of regret that after the changes of the sea, children will no longer be able to experience, or at least see, the environmental substrate for which their ancestors fought. The so-called "cultural inheritance" is inevitably pale.

出于这样的考虑，校园北部的山体被相对完整的保留了下来，构成校园空间体系的核心，作为1~6年级和7~12年级两个学部之间的天然过渡，隔而不隔，界而未界。

The hill to the north of the campus has been left relatively intact and forms the core of the spatial system of the campus, acting as a natural transition between the two school divisions, Grade 1st to 6th and Grade 7th to 12th.

我们在山上设计了一条蜿蜒的小径，穿过满山的植物将生活区与教学区连接在一起。山顶同时也是整个场地的制高点，我们在这里设置了一方小小的书院。穿过离离疏影，听闻潇潇秋声，孩子们可以在这安静的一隅寻觅世间万物，眺望远山丘壑。

A meandering path has been designed up the hill through the vegetation to link the living and teaching areas. At the top of the hill, which is also the high point of the site, we have set up a small courtyard where, through the light shadow and listening to the sounds of autumn, the children can explore the world and look out over the distant hills in a quiet corner.

小尺度的单元式建筑体量在多层次的非正式学习空间和交通关联之下，构成教学聚落和生活组团。其适应于复杂的场地标高环境，与传统侨乡聚落同山体的共生策略同构，也同学院制的教学管理模式之间形成极高的默契。

With multi-level informal learning space and transportation association, the small-scale unit building volume constitutes teaching settlements and living groups, which are adapted to the complex site elevation environment and are isomorphic to the symbiosis strategy of traditional settlements in diaspora and mountains, and form a high tacit understanding with the teaching management mode of college system.

400米运动场被置于场地内稀有的平坦区域——南北两座小山之间的谷地。为了尽可能提升谷地区域的场地利用效率，运动场标高被整体抬升，下部架空空间植入了文体活动、餐厅、车库和接送站等内容。

The 400m-sports-field is placed on a rare flat area of the site - a valley between two hills to the north and south. In order to promote the efficiency of the use of the valley area, the whole of the playing field has been raised in elevation and the lower elevated space has been built in for sports and cultural activities, a restaurant, a garage and a pick-up station.

相应地，校园的整体日常活动面也被抬升至一个相对合理的标高，以避免过大的校园场地极差对孩子们的日常活动造成不便。

Accordingly, the overall daily activity surface of the campus has been raised to a relatively reasonable elevation to avoid inconvenience to the children's daily activities due to the extreme differences in the campus grounds.

东北角相对平坦的区域也采用类似的策略，设置了小学部使用的200米运动场、活动空间和机动车通行空间。

A similar strategy was adopted for the relatively flat area in the north-east corner, with a 200m sports field for the primary section and space for activities and motor vehicle passage.

自然造就的山体骨架被相对完整地保留下来，让每一栋建筑的展开有据可依。建筑形体依山形扭转、生长、叠落，每一个院落都有一方天地，每一扇窗外都有一帘山色。学生们或行走其间，或于教室中安静诵读，或三五结伴在廊间庭中嬉戏，或携手于屋顶平台憧憬属于自己的诗和远方。

The natural skeleton of the mountain has been preserved relatively intact, allowing each building to unfold with a sense of purpose. The building forms twist, grow and fall in accordance with the shape of the mountains, with each courtyard containing a piece of heaven and earth, and each window containing a curtain of mountain scenery. Walking through the campus, you can read quietly in the classrooms, or play in the corridors and gardens in groups, or join hands on the roof terraces to envision your own poetry and the distance.

原本用于开山和场地平整的大量预算，被转而落实在孩子们触手可及的丰富体验上，对于建设各方而言，都是乐于接受且更为理想的处理方式。

A large budget that would have been used to open the mountain and level the site has been redirected to enriching experiences within the reach of the children, which is a much more desirable and acceptable way of dealing with the construction and all parties involved.

笔者想起初读类型学的时候，先生每每用“有法无式”作为告诫，让笔者去阅读背后的“元”。诚如顾炎武先生所论：“渔父不必有其人，杏坛不必有其地”。谓之地域特色、文化传统，自有其形外之“元”，大可不必非得套上一个甚至根本不是本土原生的符号来标榜自身的“正统性”，以及脱离了环境基质支撑的形而上的“传承”。

This reminds me of when I first read typology, teacher always used the phrase "there is a method but not a formula" as a cautionary tale, telling me to read the "yuan" behind it. Just as Mr. Gu Yanwu said: "The Fisherman does not need to be a real person, and the Apricot Altar does not need to really exist." The so-called regional characteristics and cultural traditions have their own extra-formal "yuan", so there is no need to put on a symbol that is not even indigenous to the region to boast of its "orthodoxy" and its metaphysical "heritage" that is not supported by the environmental matrix.