造园于厂：海口市颜春岭垃圾渗滤液处理站二期扩容工程 / 大开设计

编辑：蔡倩雯（实习） | 校对：李博超 | 2023.07.25 17:02

设计单位 杭州大开建筑设计有限公司

项目地点 海南海口

建成时间 2023年

建筑面积 5200平方米

本文文字由设计单位提供。

近年来，地球的环境形势日趋严重，相关讨论也越来越受到人们关注。作为环境保护的主力军之一，污水处理站成为我国经济高速发展过程中必须时刻依靠的重要保障之一。在这样的背景之下，我们机缘巧合地碰到了这个项目，业主谢明明希望打造一个环保示范基地。

The global environmental crisis has escalated in recent years, leading to an increased focus on related discussions. China, as a significant developing nation, has experienced rapid economic growth. However, this growth has resulted in severe environmental depletion. In light of this situation, sewage treatment stations, as crucial entities for environmental protection, are imperative in ensuring China's sustainable development in its rapid economic progress. It is within this context that we fortuitously encountered this project，the owner, Xie Mingming, wanted to create an environmental demonstration site.

▲ 项目视频摄制：Chill Shine丘文三映

1 概况

海口颜春岭垃圾渗滤液处理站，作为神维环境服务公司的二期扩容工程，其日常工作内容是对城市日均总量约1300立方米的有机废弃污染物进行无害化处理。每时每刻，市政管网输送过来的原水类似墨汁一样浓稠，经过预处理后变成茶色的超滤出水，最终经过深处理转变为可排放的清澈水体。在整个处理工序中，原水要经历原水池、生化池、膜处理车间、净水池，出水池等依次处理的空间。其中，类似洗碗槽大小的出水池是处理站最终肉眼可见的直观成果，而其余的处理过程则在密闭的“腔体空间”或“管体空间”内部进行自动化作业。

The Haikou Yanchunling Waste Leachate Treatment Station serves as the second phase of the expansion project undertaken by Shenwei Environmental Service Company. Its primary objective is to provide safe and environmentally sound treatment for urban organic waste pollutants, with an average daily volume of approximately 1300m³. The treatment process involves several stages, beginning with the reception of dense, ink-like raw water from the municipal pipeline network. The raw water is converted through initial pre-treatment into tea-colored ultra-filtration water, which subsequently undergoes further processing to produce clear water suitable for discharge. This comprehensive treatment process encompasses various sequential treatment spaces, including the original pool, biochemical pool, membrane treatment plant, clean water pool, and the final outlet tank, which is about the size of a dishwasher. The remaining treatment procedures occur automatically within enclosed "chamber spaces" or "tube spaces."

2 思索

2.1 标准与个性

长期以来，我国工业厂房类建筑的总体规划与单体设计都以满足生产工艺为唯一目标，在形式和空间上基本不做多余的修饰营造，因此易于实现设计和建造标准化。标准化有其积极的一面，我们耳熟能详的模数制就是标准化的产物。其最大好处在于带来了装配式的施工条件，大量的建筑构件可以预制，因此大大缩短了施工周期。在新中国各类厂房的建设上，标准化发挥了不可替代的作用。然而，标准化的弊端也是显而易见的，其必然导致立面造型相对笨拙单调，缺乏独特个性。

Historically, China's approach to industrial plant construction focused primarily on meeting production process requirements, resulting in minimal modifications to form and space. This emphasis on standardization facilitated design and construction efficiency. The modular system, a byproduct of standardization, has particularly benefited construction by introducing assembly conditions and extensive prefabrication, effectively reducing construction time. Standardization has been indispensable in constructing various factory types in modern China. However, it is vital to acknowledge the drawbacks of standardization, such as the potential for visually monotonous and impersonal facade designs lacking individuality.

今时不同往日，人们在满足了物质需求的前提下，开始有了更高的精神追求。对于现代的厂房类建筑，建筑师有责任在满足其基本功能的前提下，对其外型设计赋予更多的人文色彩，注入更多的内涵，使建筑能够展现出多彩多姿的造型风貌，满足人们日益增长的审美需求。近年来，已经有越来越多的厂房类建筑展现出独特的风采。

In the present era, people's aspirations extend beyond basic needs, encompassing a heightened pursuit of spiritual fulfillment. Architects responsible for modern factory buildings now have a duty to infuse a humanistic touch into the exterior design while ensuring the fulfillment of essential functions. This entails incorporating meaningful elements that allow buildings to exhibit diverse and vibrant shapes, meeting the evolving aesthetic demands of the population. As a result, we have witnessed an increase in factory buildings that showcase unique and distinctive styles in recent years.

2.2 传统与现代

一直以来，我们对于垃圾、污水、毒物等处理厂具有惯性思维，认为其必须远离人们的日常生活。甚至在传统观念上，这些名词还具有一些别样的意味：晦气、不净、风水不好，等等。然而，到了现代，随着科技的进步，我们不必再有这些顾虑：污秽的垃圾全部通过密闭容器运送进处理中心，再进行负压环境的操作净化和处理，最后出来干净的循环物或是可以利用的能量，全过程对周围环境零污染。因此，处理厂完全无需远离人们的日常生活，就近安排有利于节约大量的人力物力。同时，在现代，人们的思想观念上也有了极大的转变，不再具有很多形而上的思想顾虑，因此，设计师的创作也就有了灵活多变的前提保障。

Traditionally, there has been a prevailing notion that treatment plants for waste, sewage, and toxins should be located far away from daily life due to associated negative connotations such as bad luck, impurity, and unfavorable Feng Shui. However, modern advancements in science and technology have alleviated these concerns. Dirty waste is transported through closed containers to processing centers, where it undergoes purification and treatment within a hostile pressure environment. The result is clean recycling or energy production without any pollution to the surrounding environment. Consequently, there is no longer a need for treatment plants to be distanced from people's daily lives, and their proximity can save significant resources. Moreover, contemporary attitudes have shifted, with fewer metaphysical concerns. This allows designers the flexibility to create treatment plants that are adaptable and secure while meeting the necessary requirements.

2.3 领地与共享

跟动物的特性一样，人们对于自己的栖息地以及工作场所都会天然具有领地的概念，实质的围墙和虚质的绿篱成为保护领地的惯用手段。然而，在领地式思维下的厂区设计中，常常是高大的围墙将厂区的建筑围住，冰冷的铁门阻隔了周围群众的脚步。这样的围墙将四周变成了消极的空间，人们在其中没有归属感，不愿停留，更无法与城市产生互动。这种设计无法为城市注入活力，也无法为城市的繁荣和发展做出贡献。

Humans, like animals, naturally have a sense of territory in their living and working spaces. We often use fences and walls to protect these spaces, creating barriers that isolate them from the surrounding environment. However, this approach creates negative spaces that need a sense of belonging and hinder interaction with the city, failing to contribute to its vitality.

随着城市的高度集中，人们开始倡导共享的思维。共享才能带来最大的使用效率，也是社会发展的必然产物。“人人为我，我为人人，物尽其用”的理念逐渐深入人心。场所设计的共享思维也越来越被人们所接受，场所变得越来越开放。设计团队采用开放式场所的设计方法，把城市的消极空间转变为积极空间，能塑造出安全有归属感的场所。现在，许多社区中心、商业类建筑以及政府中心都将自己的中心广场和内部庭院敞开，向周围的人群共享，形成了许多共享的生活场景，创造出大量充满活力的城市空间。在这里，我们也愿意将共享的概念引入厂区。

In today's increasingly crowded cities, sharing is gaining traction. Sharing maximizes resource efficiency and is a product of social development. Open and inclusive spaces are becoming more popular, transforming hostile areas into positive ones that are safe and foster a sense of belonging. This trend can be seen in the opening of central plazas and courtyards in community centers, commercial buildings, and government centers. These shared spaces create lively urban environments. Therefore, we propose applying the concept of sharing to factory design, taking inspiration from these positive trends.

3 实践

3.1 污与净

作为一个污水处理站，其使用主体是水。进来的是污水，经过处理和净化后，出去的是净水。水的行为完成了从死到生的轮回仪式，这个过程具有一定的哲学意味。由此，我们通过建筑手法赋予这个过程一定的仪式感：水先从低处的城市管网进入厂区，此时死气沉沉、毫无生机。到了厂区进入处理车间的各种设备，位置开始抬高，具有了一定的希望和活力。最终净化后提升到高处涅槃重生，焕然一新。然后旋转着泻下，泽披万物。此刻，建筑师心中的“宇宙”完整了，因为一个精神空间得以诞生。我们希望体验了整个过程的人们会沉浸片刻，触发一点点对生命、对环境的思考。

Water is at the core of a sewage treatment station's operations. It starts as raw sewage and goes through purification, resulting in the release of clean water. This transformation holds deep philosophical meaning. To emphasize this symbolism, we employ architectural techniques to create a sense of ritual. The water's journey begins when it enters the plant from the city's pipe network, representing stagnation and lifelessness. It gradually ascends as it progresses through the treatment facilities, symbolizing hope and vitality. Eventually, the purified water reaches a higher point, akin to a fresh start or rebirth, like nirvana. Then, it cascades downward, reflecting the cyclical nature of all things. This complete cycle forms a "universe" within the architect's mind, giving birth to a spiritual space. We aim to immerse observers in this process, provoking contemplation about life and the environment. We hope this experience sparks reflection and fosters a deeper understanding of the interconnectedness between life and nature.

3.2 内与外

随着时代的进步和技术的发展，污水处理已经成为一个不再需要高密集度劳动力，甚至未来可以完全依靠自动化系统运作的工厂，人工已经得到完全的解放。这时候，对于工厂的参观和生产，也就是建筑上俗称的内部流线与外部流线，我们有着与原先完全不同的定义了。现在的生产已经完全封闭在机器管道或者腔道的内部。因此，原先的厂房内部的概念就可以缩小到机器表面，我们可以近距离站在机器旁边来参观这些自动化设备。原先的“内”转化成现在的“外”。原先的人是操作类人工，现在基本转换成监视类人工。原先的人与机器的关系是控制，现在是关注。原先的外人与污水厂的关系是回避，现在则是共享。

As technology advances, wastewater treatment has become less reliant on labor and can even be automated. This labor liberation has reshaped the factory tour and production concept. Production occurs within enclosed pipes and chambers, shifting the focus from the plant's interior to the surface of machines. We can stand beside the machines and observe the automated equipment up close, blurring the line between "inside" and "outside." Humans have transitioned from operators to monitors, and their relationship with machines has shifted from control to attention. The once-avoided wastewater plants are now shared spaces.

基于这一概念，我们在建筑总图布局上也试图诠释一种全新的内外空间关系。传统的污水处理中心布局以功能为主导：混凝土生化池、各处理车间、设备用房等建筑按并置的方式和管道合理为原则进行总图排布，建筑之间以道路间隔，设备用车和内部人员的流线交叉混用，不强调外人的参与互动，整个污水处理站以一种生产机器的姿态完成功能即可。然而，在这一项目中，我们采用了围合式布局，将混凝土生化池、各处理车间、设备用房等建筑形成一个巨大的内院，整个园区以更加饱满的工业建筑姿态面向城市外部环境，设备用车等需求均在外部解决。在园区内部，我们以“水”为主体营造了一个柔软的内核。面向这个内核的界面是通透的自动化处理车间、粗粝而又温润的现浇混凝土池壁，这是一个反传统工业建筑的内核，将工业建筑中不为人知的美以一种独特的姿态展现出来。

Building upon this concept, we reevaluate the spatial layout of the facility. Traditional wastewater treatment centers followed a functional-oriented design, with buildings arranged linearly and prioritizing efficient pipelines. However, in our project, we embrace an enclosed layout. The facility forms a large inner courtyard with concrete biochemical tanks, treatment workshops, and equipment rooms. The entire facility faces the city with a more robust industrial architecture while addressing the needs of equipment and vehicles externally. We focus on water as the main element within the facility, creating a soft core. The interface facing the core consists of transparent, automated processing workshops and warm cast-in-place concrete pool walls, showcasing the unconventional beauty of industrial buildings in a distinctive manner.

3.3 直与曲

传统的工业建筑以功能为出发点，是以西方科技为主导的工业文明产物，因此呈现出简洁、方整的建筑形象。随着共享与开放的概念介入，该项目试图承担更多的社会责任，“游览参观”成为该建筑功能的一部分。基于此，我们寻求极富东方智慧的园林作为我们思考的媒介，尝试以"游园"的方式来组织和串联园区内部的交通。从传统园林中借鉴并抽象了亭、台、廊、榭、桥等元素，将它们融入到园区的设计中。在具体的呈现方式上，我们采用了曲线元素，即在传统的方整形体中嵌入不同方向和尺度的圆形。这些“圆”成为游园中巧妙布置的节点，如入口、展厅、植物庭院等。通过路径进行组织，把厂区设计成为一个可观可游的开放式公园。

Traditionally, industrial buildings have followed a functional and square architectural style influenced by Western technology-driven industrial civilization. However, in this project, we aim to embrace social responsibility and incorporate the concept of sharing and openness. As a result, "visiting" becomes an integral part of the building's function. Drawing inspiration from Oriental wisdom, we turn to the rich traditions of gardens as a medium for our design thinking. We adopt a "touring garden" approach to organize the internal flow of the park. Elements such as pavilions, terraces, corridors, and bridges are borrowed from garden aesthetics and abstracted into the park design. We introduce curved elements by embedding circles of various directions and scales to deviate from the traditional square and neat forms. These "circles" serve as nodes within the park, acting as entrances, exhibition halls, or plant courtyards. The plant is transformed into an open park that invites visibility and visitation through the deliberate arrangement of pathways.

3.4 高与低

由于南面城市干道比场地高出四米左右，我们因势利导将整体厂区分为高区与低区。高区主要包含入口前场、廊桥和展厅。高区的视野有利于人们刚进入园区，就可以初步窥探污水处理站的整体形象，如巨大的景观水面、厚实而有立面细节的混凝土处理池、干净透亮的处理车间等。同时，高区的展厅将以现代全息投影的方式向公众诠释这一全新的污水处理站概念。

Taking advantage of the city road's higher elevation to the south, we divided the overall plant into high and low areas. The high area features the entrance forecourt, corridor bridges, and exhibition hall, offering visitors a preliminary glimpse of the sewage treatment station's overall image. They can admire the landscape water, the detailed concrete treatment pool, and the clean and bright workshop. The exhibition hall in the high area utilizes modern holographic projections to explain the wastewater treatment concept to the public.

参观者通过内部楼梯以水为线索逐级到达低区，沿途先经内院、树下庭院、流水花园等景观，再到参观各污水处理车间。通过实地参与和互动，参观者进一步深刻了解现代化的污水处理方式。最后，通过竖向楼梯环绕至展厅屋顶，除了可以俯瞰整个园区，眼前的清水池通过一根巨大的导管倾泻至屋顶再流到庭院，形成生动有趣的水景展示。“水”处理和参观同时给人们留下深刻的印象。

Visitors follow the water-themed clues, descending through the internal staircase to the low area. Visitors pass through the inner courtyard, tree-filled courtyard, and flowing garden within the low area before reaching the sewage treatment workshops. This immersive experience allows them to better understand modern wastewater treatment methods through participation and interaction. Finally, visitors can climb the vertical staircase to the exhibition hall's roof, enjoying a panoramic view of the park. From there, they witness the clear water pool pouring through a massive conduit onto the roof, which flows back into the courtyard. This finale represents the culmination of the water treatment journey and the visitor's tour.

4 细节

4.1 桥洞

因为高差，我们想到了“桥”的进入方式。又因为建筑功能对高度有要求，所以参观者需要穿过建筑而进入场地，于是出现了“桥洞”。一切都是由环境和功能自己来推导，我们只是旁观者。

The height difference of the site led us to devise an access solution as a "bridge." Considering the functional requirements of the building, we incorporated the bridge as an entry point. Our approach is rooted in the environment and its inherent functions, and we merely observe and respond accordingly.

4.2 图案

生化处理池平均壁厚600毫米，需要通体现浇，以耐受巨大的污水压强。鉴于工业建筑在外立面施工的精细度水平，我们认为粗戾的表面反而更贴合工厂身份。于是，我们直接设计模板，并利用模板纹理，做出一些山形图案，以营造“远山”的意境。这样的设计也与污水处理站形成了富有东方园林意境的内院。

The biochemical treatment tank requires a substantial wall thickness of 600mm to withstand the significant sewage pressure. Considering the industrial character of the factory, we opted for a rough surface on the facade, aligning with the facility's identity. We directly designed the template to achieve this effect, utilizing its texture to create multiple mountain patterns. This deliberate choice aims to evoke the ambiance of an oriental garden within the inner courtyard, contributing to a visually appealing sewage treatment plant.

4.3 材料

建筑以红砖、混凝土、钢铁与玻璃等传统工业建筑材料作为主材，通过材料的重组重新诠释了工业建筑的特点。红砖的明快色调唤醒了人们对厂房的原始印象，混凝土的浑厚质感和独特肌理凝结了建筑的光影与体量，钢铁的坚韧特性为建筑赋予了充满力量的象征，玻璃的轻盈和通透成为车间内净化设备的展示窗口。景观挡墙及花池使用了可就地取材的天然火山岩。这些天然材料构筑出的建筑与现代园林空间相互交织，工业与自然巧妙地融合在一起。

The building incorporates traditional industrial materials such as red bricks, concrete, steel, and glass, reinterpreting industrial architecture through material reorganization. The vibrant red bricks evoke a familiar factory aesthetic, while the textured and voluminous concrete captures light and shadow. Steel imparts strength and symbolism to the structure, and glass serves as transparent exhibition windows for purification equipment in the workshop. We use natural volcanic rock which can be sourced locally for landscaping walls and planters.These natural materials harmoniously blend with the modern garden space, seamlessly merging industry and nature in a balanced manner.

4.4 分水

园内所有开放水景使用的都是净化后的排出水。考虑到开放的景观水池会被二次污染从而影响排出水的质量，因此水景的水不接入质检端口，而是通过独立的排水口排出，以实现再利用。

The garden's open water features utilize purified discharge water. To maintain water quality, the water from these features is not connected to the quality control port and is discharged separately through a different outlet for reuse.

4.5 低碳

本建筑通过天窗、low-e玻璃幕墙，充分利用自然光，以降低运营能耗并缩小碳足迹。项目设计、建设了雨水回收系统，用于厂区绿化景观（中心庭院）用水需求，从而节约水资源。此外，通过大数据平台收集监测运营数据，科学地给出降电和降耗方案，智能化控制用电负荷和药剂投加量，以最小电耗和药耗的前提下稳定运营项目。计划在2025年实现碳达峰。

The building optimizes natural light with skylights and low-emissivity glass curtain walls to lower energy usage and reduce carbon footprint. A rainwater recycling system has been implemented to conserve water resources, specifically for the plant's green landscape in the central courtyard. Operational data is collected and monitored through a big data platform, enabling scientific analysis for reducing electricity and consumption. Smart controls manage electricity load and pharmaceutical dosage to ensure stable operations with minimal energy and medication use. The project aims to reach carbon peaking by 2025 while maintaining low power and drug consumption, promoting stable and sustainable operations.

5 结语

机器和污水不是没有生命，只是缺少展示它们舞台。当它们在聚光灯下发生剧烈的生化反应，足以告诉台下的看客，这是一出好戏。与往日不同，建筑师今天搭建了一个开放的舞台来取代盖房子，没刻意导演，所以邂逅了诸多的美丽意外。

Machines and sewage are not inert; they require a stage to perform. When placed under the spotlight, a dynamic biochemical reaction occurs, captivating spectators with its spectacle. In contrast to past architects, modern architects have embraced the concept of an open stage, previous intentional direction, and allowing for serendipitous and remarkable occurrences.