河北青龙县石城子村公共厕所：顺应乡情，展现真实 / 傅英斌工作室

编辑：李博超（实习生） | 校对：崔婧 | 2020.08.31 18:50

设计单位 傅英斌工作室

项目地点 河北省青龙县石城子村

建筑面积 33平方米

建成时间 2019年9月

本文文字由设计单位提供。

河北省青龙县的石城子村近年取得了显著的脱贫成果，因此被选为了2019年中国农民丰收节的分会场。为解决丰收节期间大量来访人群与后期旅游游客的如厕问题，需要在丰收节开始前的短时间内，快速建造一个简易、低成本的公共厕所。

Shichengzi Village, located in Qinglong County, Hebei Province, has relied on its own environmental resources to develop tourism and agricultural products-related industries in recent years, and has achieved remarkable results in poverty alleviation. Therefore, it was selected as one of the venues of the 2019 Chinese Farmers’ Harvest Festival. In order to solve the toilet problem of a large number of visitors during the harvest festival and tourists of later period, it is necessary to quickly build a simple and low-cost public toilet in a short time before the festival.

公厕的选址位于山脚下的一处凹地，地势平坦，西北面紧邻河道，其余三面被树林掩映。场地仅通过沿河道的一条小径与安置区的空地相连，如何与外界连通成为了设计中需解决的问题，但通道的唯一确定性也为我们提供了机会。

The site of the toilet is located in a recessed flat area at the foot of the mountain. The northwest side is adjacent to the river, and the other three sides are hidden by woods. The site has only a small path along the river to connect with the open space of the resettlement area. How to connect the site with the outside has become a problem to be solved in this design, while the almost only certainty of the access also provides us with opportunities.

项目由厕所主体与栈道构成，主体部分被一长片彩钢板覆盖，塑造出一个完整的矩形体量，长边沿河道展开，占据了整个凹形场地。依托于小径设置的弯折栈道，将厕所主体同外部场地连通。主体部分的横向占据，栈道顺河道与山势方向的延展，均使整个公厕与场地更为契合，也有效地引导了人流。

The whole toilet is composed of the main toilet and the plank road. The main part is covered by a long piece of color steel plate, forming a complete rectangular volume. The long side stretches out along the river and occupies the entire site. A curved plank road supported by the footpath connects the main body of the toilet with the external site. The transverse occupation of the main part and the extension of the plank road along the river and mountain make the entire toilet more fit with the site, and also guide people more effective.

结构与围护

为满足低成本与快速建造的需要，我们选择了木材与彩钢板为主要材料，分别用于结构与围护。

In order to meet the needs of low-cost and rapid construction, we choose wood and color steel plates as the main materials, and they were used for the overall structure and enclosure respectively.

公厕包含两种木结构单元，分别用于厕所主体与栈道。我们选用了50×100毫米的木方，通过预加工，可在现场直接拼装，大大缩短了工期，降低了建造难度。两种木构单元的形式均为受力辑下的基本表现，水平、垂直与倾斜的拼钉组合构成了稳定的结构，没有多余的构件。

The structure of this toilet contains two types of wooden structural units, one for the main part of toilet and the other for the plank road. We choose the wooden square with the size of 50×100, which can be directly assembled on site through pre-processing in the factory, which greatly reduces the time and difficulty of construction. The two types of wooden units are the basic expressions under the force logic, and the combination of horizontal, vertical and inclined nails form a stable structure with no redundant components.

厕所主体的顶面与栈道的侧向围护均使用彩钢板。两种向度的彩钢板达成了一种水平与垂直的对话。彩钢板还有如下优点：具有模块化与组件化的特性，可以并置或顺连，有利于实现形式的连续与完整；一长条彩钢板可直接固定于木框架上，同时解决了多跨间围挡的安装问题，迅速、高效；自带的结构纹理顺应且提示了栈道的方向性。

The top enclosure of the toilet body and the lateral enclosure of the plank road are all finished with color steel plates. The color steel plates of the two dimensions achieve a horizontal and vertical dialogue. As an enclosure, color steel plate has its own unique advantages:

1. Modularization and componentization: The splicing of juxtaposition and connection is conducive to the continuity and integrity of the form. Such as this toilet, which has a complete roof and a long continuous enclosure on the plank road.

2. Fast installation and high efficiency: A long strip of color steel plate is directly fixed on the wooden frame, and the installation of multi-span enclosures is solved at the same time. The construction is less difficult and the construction period is greatly shortened.

3. The structural texture of the color steel plate: the continuous splicing makes the structural texture of the color steel plate perfectly conform and prompts the directionality of the plank road.

材料与颜色

在当今的农村建设活动中，彩钢板以其低成本、实用性强、坚固美观、施工方便、可再利用等优势，成为了一种普遍使用的快速建造材料。在我们眼中，乡村建设应从当今农村的现实情况入手，不必于过分拘泥于“传统”。对于农村建设中喜闻乐见的材料，也不必过分排斥与拒绝。因此，在此次公厕的快速搭建中，我们将彩钢板推向了舞台中央，并选择了与周围环境对比强烈的红色作为表征，使彩钢板成为此处的视觉焦点。

In today's rural construction activities, color steel plate has become a widely used rapid construction material due to its advantages of low cost, strong practicability, solid and beautiful appearance, convenient construction, and reusability. In our eyes, rural construction could start with the reality of today's rural areas, without being overly constrained to “tradition”. For materials that are popular in rural construction, such as color steel plates, there is no need to reject them. Therefore, in the rapid construction of this toilet, we pushed the color steel plate to the center of the stage, and choose the red color that contrasts strongly with the surrounding environment as the symbol, making the color steel plate as a visual focus here.

此处附近有一家木材厂，木料的获取、加工与运输都较为便利，因此，我们选择了木材作为此间厕所的建造材料之一。此次设计将木材全部涂黑，简单又大胆。黑色作为背景色，在视觉上达到了某种程度的消隐，并削弱了节点的明晰度，更加凸显了红色彩钢板的“主角”地位。

In view of the fact that there is a timber factory nearby, wood is easy to obtain, process and transport, so we choose wood as one of the materials. In this design, we did a simple but bold treatment of the wood in color, painting it all black. As the background color, black reaches a certain degree of visual blanking and weakens the clarity of nodes. At the same time, also more highlighted the red color steel plate some kind of "leading role" status.

黑色打破了木材温暖、舒适、亲近的固有印象，实现一种去材质化，让其似乎有了钢材那种冰冷坚硬的表征效果。远远望去，黑色预先在脑海中做出“可能是钢材”的铺垫，当实际踏上木栈道，触摸木栏杆之时，木材所带来的亲切感，又将之前的心理铺垫瞬间打破。

In our ordinary impression, wood always gives us a feeling of warmth, comfort and kindness. In this project, we attached a black coat to the wood, breaking the inherent impression and realizing a kind of dematerialization of wood, making it seem to have the cold and hard characterization effect of steel. Looking at this toilet from a distance before touched, the black color has been pre-made a impression of "may be steel" in our minds. This is a result of domestication from the experience of modern cities. While when we actually step on the wooden plank road and touch the wooden railings, the intimacy brought by the wood breaks the previous psychological bedding instantly.

这种预设观念与实际体验的反常之道，让木与钢的隐性对比更为强烈。木材与彩钢板的搭配也意在让人们意识到，当今乡村建设材料交叠混杂的真实现况。在这种现况下，作为设计者该如何组织处理各种材料，才能做到混而不杂，是需要我们去用心考虑的问题。

This abnormal combination of presupposition and actual experience makes an implicit contrast between wood and steel. The combination of wood and color steel plates is also intended to make people aware of the reality of overlapping and mixed materials using in rural construction today. In this situation, how we, as designers, should organize and deal with various materials so as to be mixed and not messy, we need to consider carefully.

如厕单元的生态技术

当下部分农村推行的“改厕运动”简单粗暴，带来了诸多问题。在缺少管网与水处理设施的情况下使用水冲厕所，浪费水资源的同时，也产生了更大的污染。农村改厕实际是观念的改变，而观念的转变要因地制宜地做出合理的选择。

The current "toilet reform campaign" in some rural areas is simple and rude, causing many problems. For example, the use of flushing toilets in the absence of pipe networks and water treatment facilities will not only waste water resources but also generate greater pollution. The reform of toilet is actually a reform of concept, and the reform of concept should not blindly choose the best one, but should make a rational choice based on local conditions.

板栗种植是石城子村的主导产业，也是村民收入的主要来源。当地近年来大力推广生态农业，对农家肥的需求日益增多。传统旱厕尿粪不分离，混合的尿粪作为肥料无法很好地发挥作用，并且异味严重，存在很多卫生问题。

Chestnut planting is the leading industry in Shichengzi Village and the main source of income for the villagers. Due to the promotion of ecological agriculture in recent years, the demand for farmyard manure is increasing. In the traditional dry toilets, urine and feces are not separated, the mixed urine and feces cannot function well as fertilizer, and the foul smell is serious, besides that, there are also many health problems.

我们在设计中选择了尿粪分离的生态厕所技术，将粪便和尿液进行分别收集和处理，使得二者作为生态肥料，都能够得到最大程度的利用。选择此模式不仅克服了场地内无下水管网的问题，也收集处理了农家肥，为尿粪分离式厕所的推广起到示范意义。

We choose the ecological toilet technology that separates urine and feces in this design. The feces and urine separated ecological toilet is a toilet mode that collects and treats feces and urine separately. The separate collection of feces is conducive to harmless treatment and reduces the volume of feces; urine is separated in a closed low temperature condition collection can reduce the decomposition of urine and ensure fertilizer efficiency. Separate collection and treatment of urine allows both to be used as ecological fertilizers to the greatest extent. Choosing this model not only overcomes the problem of no sewage pipe network in the site, but also collects and processes farmyard manure, which plays a demonstrative significance for the promotion of urine and fecal separation toilets.

为解决厕所的通风排气问题，我们在每个单元的上方设置了排风格栅，并在四个蹲位单元内安置了连通室外的垂直通风管。四个通风管长度不一，穿过屋顶，活泼了建筑的整体形象。

In order to solve the problem of ventilation of the toilet, we set up a row style grill above each unit, and installed vertical ventilation pipes connected to the outdoors in the four squatting units. The four vent pipes are of different lengths, passing through the roof, and lively the overall image.

真实广泛的农村建设

项目从现场搭建到整体完工共用了10天的时间，共花费6万余元。在快速建造与低成本的限制下，材料的选择与处理便成了设计的重点。选择哪种材料？材料如何各司其职又如何相互配合？材料的表现如何符合建筑性质、在地环境和农村面貌？这都成为了我们考虑的重点。

The construction of this toilet took a total of 10 days from on-site construction to overall completion, and it cost more than 60,000 yuan. Under the constraints of rapid construction and low cost, the selection and using of materials has become the focus of this design. Which materials to choose? How do the materials perform themselves and how do they cooperate with each other? How does the performance of the materials fit with the character of the building, how to respond to the environment, and how to fit the rural outlook? These issues have become the focus of our consideration.

对于选材，我们从实际情况出发，关注原材料的获取难度、施工加工难度与经济性，根据当地现况而选择的木材；同时我们也青睐展示当代乡村表情的材料，如本次设计中的主角——彩钢板。

For the selection of materials, we focus on reality and actual conditions, paying attention to the availability of raw materials, the difficulty of construction and processing, and the economy. In this design, the wood is selected according to the local situation; at the same time, we also favor materials that show contemporary rural expressions. Such as the “leading actor” in this design - Color steel plate.

在各种条件的限制下，我们能够获取到的材料种类往往有限，且个性差异明显。面对这些交叠混杂的材料，我们在尊重当地村民建造习惯与经验的基础之上，运用自身的专业知识去做规范与引导的设计，而当这些设计起到好的效果时，反过来也会启发到村民。

Under the restriction of various conditions, the types of materials we can obtain are often limited, and the individual differences are obvious. In the face of these mixed materials, on the basis of respecting the construction habits and experience of local villagers, we use our own professional knowledge to make standardized and guided designs. When these designs have good results, the reverse is also positive. It will serve as inspiration and demonstration to villagers.

当代真实的农村图景，不是存于我们记忆中的乡愁寄托之地，也不是理想中如画的田园牧歌，更不是城市资本大闸下的一个流量入口。深入广泛的农村大地，跃入我们眼中的是一个具有高度自主性的、混合杂糅、新旧交叠、丰富且矛盾的乡村图景。也许我们应该卸下包袱，俯首躬身地去倾听这片土地的声音，让所有的想象与创造都归于真实。

The real contemporary rural landscape is not the place where we save our homesickness in memory, nor is it the picturesque pastoral in the ideal world, nor is it a flow entrance under the gates of urban capital. Going deep into the vast rural land, what jumps into our eyes is a highly autonomous, mixed, complex and contradictory rural landscape. Maybe we should let go of the burden, bow down to listen to the sound of this land, and let all imagination and creation lead by truth.