史密森博物馆系列中最年轻的一员：非裔美国人历史文化博物馆

Freelon Adjaye Bond/ SmithGroup（FAB）建筑事务所赢下非裔美国人历史文化博物馆设计大赛，用这个当下美国最具声望的新建筑，为自己的美国项目履历表添上重要的一笔。

“美国国家非洲裔美国人历史文化博物馆（The National Museum of African American History and Culture）”即将于9.24日正式开幕，此博物馆坐落于美国华盛顿特区的宪法大道，毗邻美国国家历史博物馆和华盛顿纪念碑。此博物馆建筑包括了美术展览、行政、剧场放映和储藏藏品等功能。作为FAB建筑事务所的首席建筑设计师，David Adjay的设计让建筑与基地建立起关系的同时也呼应了美国深远长久的非裔文化。

非裔美国人历史文化博物馆建筑设计的三大核心点为：冠冕状的建筑外形; 青铜掐丝的外表皮; 建筑向景观的延伸和融合——门廊的设计。

1. 冠冕状的建筑外形，博物馆位于华盛顿纪念碑广场上，以低调的姿态融入周边的景观中——地面上的有5层，而超过一半的建筑空间是在地面以下。冠冕状的外形提取了华盛顿纪念碑的元素，和纪念碑的顶点正好构成了17度的夹角，面板大小和图案也是以纪念碑的石头作为参考。

2. 青铜掐丝的外表皮，博物馆建筑被包裹在一个装饰性的青铜格架内，格架的做工同样是参照于非裔美国人的一种传统工艺。格架图案的密度可以用来调控射入室内的光线的容量和明暗。

3. 建筑向景观的延伸和融合——门廊的设计，南侧入口是由一个门廊和中央水景组成。作为建筑向景观的延伸，门廊创造了一个户外空间，并搭建起了建筑室内和室外之间的空间联系。在50米深处，建筑的退距与华盛顿国家广场北侧的其他建筑相似。门廊的屋顶底面稍稍向上倾斜，可以从下方的水池中投影出建筑的倒影。在这个区域中，微风与流水的结合创造了良好的小气候，为炎炎夏日增添了一处清凉避暑之地。在门廊的屋顶上还有一个露天庭园，参观者可以从建筑物的一个夹层处进入。

博物馆内部是一个无柱的巨大空间，参观者可以感受到来自外界的自然光线变化，以及包括预制混凝土、木材和青铜格架内透光玻璃等材料的多样性，并且可以拥有一次充满了历史和情感性的参观体验。进入地下层后，三层通高的历史长廊和其他一些纪念性的空间营造出一种肃穆、冥想和永恒的氛围。来自纪念碑广场上的自然光线被瀑布水流分散开后，从天窗上自然地撒下。再往上层走，重要的景象开始在眼前展现。环绕着冠冕的，正是无与伦比的华盛顿国家广场、联邦三角和纪念碑广场全景。

Winning the competition to design the National Museum of African American History and Culture has consolidated the practice’s US portfolio with arguably the nation’s most prestigious new building. Located on Constitution Avenue, adjacent to the National Museum of American History and the Washington Monument, the museum will house exhibit galleries, administrative spaces, theatre space and collections storage space for the NMAAHC. As lead designer for the Freelon Adjaye Bond/SmithGroup (FAB) team, David Adjaye’s approach has been to establish both a meaningful relationship to this unique site as well as a strong conceptual resonance with America’s deep and longstanding African heritage. The design rests on three coerstones: the “corona” shape and form of the building; the extension of the building out into the landscape – the porch; and the bronze filigree envelope.

Situated on the Washington Monument grounds the museum maintains a subtle profile in the landscape – more than half is below ground – with five storeys above. The corona is based on elements of the Washington Monument, closely matching the 17-degree angle of the capstone and the panel size and patte has been developed using the Monument stones as a reference. The entire building is wrapped in an oamental bronze lattice that is a historical reference to African American craftsmanship. The density of the patte can be modulated to control the amount of sunlight and transparency into the interior. The south entry is composed of the Porch and a central water feature. An extension of the building out into the landscape, the porch creates an outdoor room that bridges the gap between the interior and exterior.

At 50m (49’-2”) deep, the setback is similar to other buildings on the north side of the Mall. The underside of the porch roof is tilted upward allowing reflection of the moving water below. This covered area creates a microclimate where breezes combine with the cooling waters to generate a place of refuge from the hot summer sun. There is also an outdoor patio on the porch rooftop that is accessed from a mezzanine level within the building.

Inside the building, visitors will be guided on a historical and emotional jouey, characterised by vast, column free spaces, a dramatic infusionof natural light and a diverse material palette comprising pre-cast concrete, timber and a glazed skin that sits within the bronze lattice. Below ground, the ambience is contemplative and monumental, achieved by the triple height history gallery and symbolised by the memorial space – the “oculus” – that brings light diffused by a cascade of water into the contemplative space from the Monument grounds. Moving upwards, the views become pivotal, as one circulates along the corona with unrivalled panoramas of the Mall, Federal Triangle buildings and Monument Grounds.

项目名称：Museum of African American History and Culture

项目位置：芝加哥华盛顿公园

项目年份:  2016

建筑设计：Freelon Adjaye Bond, Smith Group

结构工程：Guy Nordeson and Associates, Robert Siman Associates

景观设计：Gustafson Guthrie Nichol

建筑面积：39020 平方米

合同价值：5.04 亿美元

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