OMA研究方案：釜山山坡住区，可适应性的发展原型

编译：王子萱 | 校对：王子萱 | 2025.10.28 16:25

在朝鲜战争期间，釜山成为一座避难之城。随着人口剧增，山坡成为仅存的可居住之地。难民用拾来的材料搭建起临时房屋，这些自发形成的聚落逐渐演变为充满活力、关系紧密的社区——以独特的方式顺应了地形的坡度。

During the Korean War, Busan became a city of refuge. With the population surging, the hillsides were the only land left to settle. Refugees built makeshift homes from salvaged materials, forming improvised villages that evolved into vibrant, tightly knit neighborhoods – uniquely adapted to the slope.

这些危机中诞生的社区，却成为了釜山城市风貌与精神的象征。如今，这些山坡住区处于城市的黄金地段，但陡峭的道路与老旧的建筑已无法满足现代生活的需求。市场上普遍的应对方式——高层塔楼住宅——虽能带来舒适与高效，却往往削平地形，抹去了那些曾赋予山坡生命的街道活力。那么，是否存在另一种可能？

Born of crisis, they became a signature of Busan’s landscape and spirit. Today, those same neighborhoods sit on prime ground, but steep lanes and aging structures no longer meet contemporary needs. The default market response – the tower estate – delivers comfort and efficiency but flattens terrain and suppresses the very street life that once defined these hillsides. Is there an alternative?

本项目由釜山建筑节（BAF）与韩国住房与建筑部合作开发，提出了两种再开发的案例研究。OMA提出一种可适应性的更新方法，将非正式社区的优势转化为一种新的模型，使街区更加生动、天际线更具秩序。

This project, developed with the Busan Architecture Festival (BAF) and the Department of Housing and Architecture, presents two case studies for redevelopment. We propose an adaptable method, translating the strengths of informal neighborhoods into a new model for lively streets and coherent skylines.

设计团队选择了两处对比鲜明的场地：位于釜山市中心的Yeongju与夹在林木山脊间的Anchang。两者的差异为我们提供了理想的、可复制的测试样本，在现有的微观肌理与当代大尺度社区之间实现平衡与协调。

Two contrasting sites have been selected: Yeongju, embedded in central Busan, and Anchang, isolated between forested ridgelines. Their differences make them ideal for testing a reproducible approach that balances and mediates their existing micro-grain urban fabric with the contemporary macro-scale estate.

设计团队从交通流线入手，而非直接从建筑形态出发。为补充政府的土地利用规划，团队设计了一张步行网络，将公交站、单轨车站、学校、公园、市场、登山口与寺庙等关键公共节点串联起来，让日常生活能够在坡地间自然流动。

We began not with buildings, but with circulation. To supplement the government’s land-use plan, we choreographed a network of pedestrian corridors linking key public nodes – bus stops, monorail stations, schools, parks, markets, trailheads, temples – so that daily life could flow across each slope.

这一框架揭示出一系列由邻近关系、坡度、可达性与景观视野所定义的“口袋社区”。在每个“口袋”中，都需要权衡取舍，例如：坡度的稳定性与车行通道、景观视野与日照、共享平台与独立出入口之间的平衡。设计的目标并非否定塔楼，而是在多样化的建筑类型之间重新找到均衡。

This framework revealed natural ‘pocket neighborhoods’, shaped by adjacency, gradient, access, and view. Within each pocket, trade-offs had to be negotiated: slope retention vs. vehicle access; views vs. daylight; shared landings vs. granular entries. The aim was not to reject towers but to rebalance them among a richer composition of types.

最终规划逐渐形成了四种类型：梯田式住宅、城市别墅、联排住宅与塔楼。我们在每个场地上测试了坡度、日照、朝向与用地面积。当多种类型都可行时，我们进一步加入了定性标准，如邻近公共空间的程度、通行坡度、景观视野与立面变化。这种方法让每个场地都能依据自身的地形、光线与社会逻辑生成独特的组合。

Four categories emerged: terrace housing, urban villas, row housing, and towers. We tested them across each site for slope, solar access, orientation, and area. Where multiple types were viable, we layered in qualitative filters: adjacency to public space, access gradient, viewshed, and visual variety. This allowed each site to suggest its own composition, shaped by terrain, light, and social logic.

不同类型的建筑都被置于最适宜的位置：塔楼位于高点，别墅置于城市中心，联排住宅沿山脊布置，梯田式住宅嵌入陡坡之中。最终呈现的并非单一解法，而是一幅经精心调校的交织拼图。社区不再由围栏与停车场分割，而是围绕台阶、平台、露台与小广场构成。流线成为社交空间，户外成为共享场所，山坡上的生活再次变得可见。

Types were placed where they perform best: towers on high points, villas at urban centers, row houses along ridges, terraces embedded in steep pockets. The result is not a uniform solution, but a calibrated patchwork of interlocking zones. Instead of fences and parking decks, neighborhoods are structured around stairs, landings, terraces, and small squares. Circulation becomes social. Outdoor space becomes communal. Life on the hillside becomes visible again.