柠檬花：北京前沙涧幼儿园 / Crossboundaries

编辑：楼樱 | 校对：楼樱 | 2023.06.14 13:33

设计单位 Crossboundaries

项目地点 中国北京

建成时间 2022年

建筑面积 4800平方米

巨型街区下的挑战

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2019年初，Crossboundaries受邀与其他6家建筑工作室，在北京西北部快速发展的海淀区五环和六环区域设计了6所幼儿园和1所学校。这些项目位于海淀区的五环和六环区域。每个工作室都被分配建设一个项目，其中前沙涧和其他几个地块，无论是大小、整体需求、密度、教室数量、覆盖范围和预算都极其相似。在评估这些地块时，每个幼儿园场地的同质性都令设计团队非常震惊：这些基地都位于巨型住宅区的一角或中间，被层层叠叠的高层住宅楼环绕，颇具压迫感。

At the beginning of 2019, Crossboundaries was invited, along with seven other architecture studios, to design a kindergarten, out of seven given projects (six kindergartens and one school). The projects are located in the rapidly growing Haidian district, in the northwest of Beijing, outside the fifth and partly sixth ring road. Each studio was assigned to develop one project, with four plots in Qiangshan and three in other neighborhoods, similar in size, overall requirements, density, number of classrooms, coverage, and budget.

前沙涧幼儿园项目地块处于新兴社区，与中国其他城市的郊区住宅相同，周边是宽阔的道路、稀疏的路网，对车辆的高度依赖，在封闭边界内有中央公共绿地的住宅街区，拥有不友好的行人通道和单调重复的立面。

While assessing the sites, Crossboundaries was struck by the homogeneity in the site conditions for each educational facility: they were all located either on a corner of a residential mega block or along the perimeter in the middle; all plots had a more or less similar rectangular shape and proportion site area and typically with residential buildings surrounding it, all uniform in height.

这种城市规划方式虽有缺陷，但却在过去几十年对中国城市化速度起到务实的推动作用。随着社会发展，这种方法正在逐渐淘汰，政府新的指导方针呼吁更紧凑又更有表现力和包容性的街区：更密集的街道网络、更多的步行街和自行车道、更好的公共交通、综合用途的分区以及更多的绿色空间。至于前沙涧社区，整体背景仍然是大型住宅，偶尔点缀着一些集中在特定区域的教育和商业设施。

The entire area of the city is newly built and differs little from other residential suburban areas of other Chinese cities nowadays: wide roads, sparse networks, residential blocks with a central common area of green land within the gated perimeters, high dependence on vehicles, unfriendly pedestrian access and monotonous, repetitive facades.This way of city planning, albeit flawed, was a pragmatic response to the rate of urbanization that China has seen in the last decades, and Beijing's peripheral growth is no different in this respect. This approach is gradually changing, with the government adopting new guidelines that call for more compact cities but more expressive and inclusive: denser networks of streets, more pedestrian and cycling lanes, better public transport, mixed-use zoning, and more green space.As for the Qiangshan neighborhood, the overall context remains as the residential megablock, dotted with occasional educational and commercial facilities concentrated in certain areas.

街区需要标志性建筑节点

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设计团队对城市条件的反馈是需要为重复和平凡的环境创造生机，并为附近的幼儿园的儿童及其父母、其他居民和路人提供空间多样性。公共教育设施的严格规范规定（尤其是在自然采光方面）使整个任务变得极其复杂，结合非常有限的预算，给本次项目带来了极大的局限性。从传统的线性组织到集群、庭院、圆形和紧凑的形式，在测试了多种空间排布方案后，设计团队选择了柠檬花造型的放射形解决方案，既能提供符合学龄前儿童最大需求，又能对社区的空间前景产生了积极影响。

Crossboundaries' response to the city’s conditions was to create an antidote to the repetitive and mundane surroundings and to offer a spatial variety in the neighborhood, for both children attending the kindergarten as well as for the parents, other residents, and passers-by. Strict codes and other regulations for public educational facilities especially in regard to sunlight intake make this a complex task; combined with a very limited budget, constitutes a strict formula that results in a very small set of possible typologies. Crossboundaries opted for a solution that framed the site with a bold and dynamic appearance to contrast with the anodyne surroundings. The design offered the specific qualities that correspond to the needs of the preschool children, providing a positive impact on the neighborhood’s spatial outlook.

“我们设想了一个起伏的景观，可以在城市和新幼儿园之间建立趣味的联系，成为一个具有社区渗透性的学习和社交空间”团队的联合创始人兼合伙人董灏说。团队将建筑设计上的缜密考量化作了一枚充满个性、呵护童心的“六瓣花”，化身一朵柠檬花，运用淡淡的柠檬黄作为主色调，为孩子打造一片寓教于乐的小天地，也为当地街区注入活力，解决配套教育问题。

“We envisioned an undulating landscape that could create fresh ties between the generic city and the new kindergarten design, whose urbanity goal was to become a permeable space for learning and sociability” - Hao Dong, co-founder and partner of Crossboundaries concludes. This array of prisms organizes the spaces, establishing iconic relationships with the changing images of its perimeter. It engages with the street corner and radiates in all directions, breaking the strict south orientation of the residential buildings, and generating a layout of classrooms that has the quality of a tree house, looking out in many directions and receiving plentiful daylight.

设计团队决定为孩子们创造一个内向的童趣空间，就像柠檬花有四片、五片、六片，甚至还有九片的，同一种植物的花型却也如此变化多端。建筑师希望孩童在幼儿园里的体验与外界截然不同、童趣多彩的学习生活。

在克服了日照、限高等多方面约束，建筑师设计出一个“六瓣花”形的组团，从六个方向往中心聚合。班级教学空间和一些辅助设施，安排在外围的六个分支内；中心则成为一个聚集视线、交通动线和儿童活动的复合中枢。

This is how the form, reminiscing the asterisk shape, was born: a spatial gem that not only complied with the requirements but excelled in its biggest priority - the sunlight. Each arm is intentionally spread apart and interconnected with shifting views, maximizing the connections with its surrounding nature.

立面被设计为渐变色，从底部的暗黄色逐渐转变为顶部的白色，所有这些都与周边住宅环境形成强烈的对比。

The façade was envisioned as a color gradient, changing from dark yellow at the bottom, gradually to white at the top, executed through paint applied in horizontal strips, all creating a strong contrast to the residential surroundings.

一个以玩耍为中心的教育空间

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在花型组团里，各间教室到达中心区域都一样的便捷。教室提供了私密、舒适的学习与生活空间，而一门之隔，就是供所有儿童共享的自由玩耍和社交空间。这样的格局，既充分满足了儿童不同层面的日常需求——从进餐和午睡到独享时光、小组玩耍和集体活动，空间集约高效。

Each function was given a separate wing, with a dynamic outline that bulges in and out. This design allows for the efficient subdivision of an otherwise rather big program while creating a scale that appears natural, safe, and inspiring.

汪曾祺老先生曾说：“一切花中，柠檬花是最香甜的，有稠稠的蜜意。”为了呵护孩子们在这个空间里健康快乐成长，在这朵六边形的柠檬花空间中，设计围绕孩子当前成长阶段的身体和心理需求，从空间尺度、材料质感、色彩运用和互动性等方面进行了整体设计。

校园的大门斜向的设置，巧妙地将街道与校园连接起来，孩子们可以从街道沿着黄色的洞口进入幼儿园的大门和楼门，校园的入口更是别具匠心地设计了只有孩子能够通过的低矮小门，制造入园时的快乐心情。

Seamlessly cut from the street boundary, the gate to the kindergarten is accompanied by a rather unpronounced partly yellow guard house. The design of the entrance was envisioned as, unlike the typical ceremonial and symmetrical school gates, a special, child-oriented passage that brings users into the joyful landscape of the kindergarten.

“六瓣花”的六个面分别面向自然延展开来，“花瓣”内角的小花园为幼儿园创造出一个独特的活动空间，孩子们可以在这里播种和照顾蔬菜和其他植物。室内外的空间关连也充满趣味，不同楼层及朝向的教室都连通着各自对应的户外活动区，有位于地面层的，也有在屋顶平台的。

Following through, as one approaches the equally friendly, unobtrusive building entrance, the small gardens in the inner corners of the star’s prongs create a unique activity space, where the children get to seed and take care of vegetables and other plants.

幼儿园的每一层都有宽敞的窗户，面向三个方向的教室。朝北的“花瓣”作为辅助空间或多功能房间。以教育空间为主的布局，取代了传统的长走廊，教室则通过中庭的形式相连接。

Each floor features classrooms with generous windows, looking out in three directions. The prongs orientated towards the north serve as auxiliary spaces or multi-functional rooms. Completing the layout of the main education spaces, instead of the traditional long hallways, the classrooms are connected by a single circulation hub in the form of a central atrium.

室内空间的集中性很好地满足了幼儿的需求，为他们提供了一种简单的方向感和安全感。当孩子们在中庭进行教学、学习、游戏和社交活动时，空间被上方的天窗照亮，汇聚一种鼓舞人心的氛围，每个年龄段的孩童都可以在这里汇聚，鼓励他们探索，从而创造了一种类似旅程的环境体验。

This centralized nature of the interior space works well with the needs of children of young age, providing them with an easy sense of orientation and security. There is an unmistakable center where teaching, learning, playing, and social activities converge in an inspiring atmosphere lit up from the skylight above. The whole formative experience is complemented by an intuitive environment where exploration is encouraged, creating a journey-like experience where each age group is represented and mixed interaction is embodied by gathering in this social core.

以儿童为中心的设计的本质

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正如团队联合创始人兼合伙人Binke Lenhardt所说：“一方面，独特的外观是教育理念的象征：产生探索未知的积极期望；另一方面，内部空间很容易从其核心结构化，而动态的几何形状为孩子们提供了一个通过发现来学习的环境。”

Utilizing the “star shape” allowed for an expression of the intrinsic qualities of a built space, where simply the layout itself promotes an intuitive path of circulation, subsequently forming natural opportunities for interaction. As Binke Lenhardt, co-founder and partner of Crossboundaries puts it: “On the one hand, the unique exterior appearance could be a metaphor for education: generating a positive expectation to discover the unknown. On the other hand, the interior space is easily structured from its core while the dynamic geometry gives children an environment to learn via discovery.”

每个教室都代表了一个独立的世界，三面开放，第四面面向中庭，这对应着团队对当代幼儿园建筑空间设置的建议：对外的开放性和对内的安全性。在这个空间里，有整个宇宙，中庭是建筑的心脏，每个人都在这里穿梭、互动、休息、流通；还有一个更小的世界，即教室，每个教室都是独一无二的，不同的方向和宽大的窗户沉浸在周围环境中。

The notion of each classroom representing a world on its own, open on three sides and “plugged into” the central atrium on the fourth side, diagrammatically corresponds to the contemporary spatial setup recommendations for kindergarten architecture: a good measure of stimulation and safety. In this space, there is the overall universe, the heart of the building where everyone traverses, interacts, lounges, and circulates, and then there is a smaller world, the classroom, which, in this design, is always unique, differently oriented and immersed in its surroundings with generous windows.

尽管在实施过程中存在各种限制和挑战，但“柠檬花“幼儿园在周围环境中脱颖而出，就像建筑的火花一样。这个项目也证明了空间在更现代的早期教育方法中所起的作用，甚至中国的公立幼儿园也开始采用这种方法。

Despite the various limitations and challenges during execution, Crossboundaries’ Star kindergarten stands out in its surrounding like an architectural spark and testifies about the role that space can have in a more contemporary approach to early education that even public kindergartens in China are starting to adopt.

When life gives you lemons, make lemonade!

“如果生活给你颗柠檬，那就做杯柠檬汁！”

柠檬的高酸度，让我们无法直接食用。所以”when life gives you lemons”暗示了生活中那些不期而遇但又如影随形的意外与磨难。成人的世界如此，孩童在成长的过程也会面对这样那样的“柠檬”。如何“make lemonade”，我想无论作为建筑师，还是成长教育中的孩童，都要用一颗积极乐观的态度去克服困难，完成一件满意的建筑作品，让每颗柠檬变成一杯沁心爽口、酸酸甜甜的柠檬汁。

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