办公楼的再生：用古老天然材料“编”出新校园 / Flow81

编译：王子萱 | 校对：王子萱 | 2026.03.09 11:27

项目名称 UTAMED校园

设计单位 Flow81

项目地点 西班牙马拉加

建成时间 2025年

建筑面积 7000平方米

本文英文原文由Flow81提供，由有方编译。

/ 建筑再生

Regenerating a building

该项目始于对一栋典型的21世纪初“四大”办公楼的改造，这是马拉加科技园（PTA，又称Malaga Techpark）建造的首批办公楼之一。这栋低层建筑完全被连续的幕墙立面包裹，幕墙带有承重金属结构和复合楼板。

The project began with the transformation of a typical “Big Four” office building from the early 2000s, one of the first office buildings constructed in the PTA (Andalusia Technology Park, also known as Malaga Techpark). The low-rise building has three floors and is completely enclosed by a continuous curtain wall façade with a load-bearing metal structure and composite slab flooring.

该建筑最初设计为呼叫中心，几乎没有隔热或适当的空调系统。其内部布局高度分散和分隔，由于玻璃幕墙产生的温室效应，过热是一个严重的问题，而众多内部隔断阻碍了适当的自然通风，进一步加剧了这一问题。

Originally intended as a call centre, the building had virtually no insulation or adequate air conditioning systems. Its internal layout was highly fragmented and compartmentalised, and overheating was a serious problem due to the greenhouse effect generated by the glazed façade, which was amplified by the numerous internal subdivisions that prevented proper natural ventilation.

/ 用途变更：一所纯在线大学的诞生

Change of destination: a fully online university is born.

此次改造的目的是创建一所纯在线大学，为教职员工提供工作空间，并为学生考试提供专用教室。这是安达卢西亚地区首所纯在线大学，旨在让该地区小城镇的社区以及那些无法负担搬迁或居住在传统大学集中的大城市的人们更容易获得大学教育。

The conversion project involves creating an online university with workspaces for staff and dedicated classrooms for student exams. This is Andalusia's first fully online university, created with the aim of making university education more accessible to communities in small towns across the region, as well as to those who cannot afford to move or live in large cities where traditional universities are concentrated.

/ 身份认同与归属感：一栋建筑即是校园

Sense of identity and belonging: a campus in one building

从一开始，项目的目标就很明确：尽管学生在整个学业生涯中只有有限的机会到访该建筑，但仍要培养强烈的大学身份认同感。解决方案是设计一个集中在一栋建筑内的校园，它能够唤起归属感、认同感和社区感，同时与安达卢西亚的建筑传统保持紧密联系。

From the outset, the project's objective was clear: to foster a strong sense of university identity, despite students only visiting the building on limited occasions throughout their academic career. The solution was to design a campus concentrated within a single building, capable of evoking a sense of belonging, recognition and community, while maintaining a strong link with Andalusian architectural tradition.

/ 法规适应与结构改造

Regulatory adaptation and structural remodelling

现有建筑不符合技术建筑规范，尤其是在热围护结构性能方面。因此，必须对设施进行全面翻新，并改善建筑的环境性能。同时，结构和消防安全系统也需要干预：缺乏防火保护的金属结构进行了全面的防火处理，并且由于原始柱截面不足，部分区域得到了加固。

The existing building did not comply with the Technical Building Code, particularly with regard to the performance of the thermal envelope. For this reason, the facilities had to be completely renovated and the building's environmental performance improved. At the same time, the structural and fire safety systems required intervention: the metal structure, which lacked fire protection, underwent complete fireproofing and some areas were reinforced due to insufficient original pillar sections.

/ 安达卢西亚庭院是校园的核心

The Andalusian courtyard is at the heart of the campus.

该项目源于开放内部空间并重新诠释传统安达卢西亚庭院的愿望。为此，建筑中心创建了一个大型的四层高空隙，所有大学生活都围绕着它组织和展开。楼层布局如同一个小型垂直城市，具有隐私梯度：底层是最公共、开放和可达的，而顶层则设有校长办公室和其他需要更高保密性的行政空间。尽管功能不同，但所有这些空间都通过中央庭院保持着视觉对话，中央庭院成为校园真正的关系核心，为其使用者提供了物理和情感上的参照点。

The project stems from the desire to open up interior spaces and reinterpret the traditional Andalusian courtyard. A large, four-storey-high void has been created in the centre of the building to this end, around which all university life is organised and takes place. The floors are arranged like a small vertical city, with a gradient of privacy: the ground floor is the most public, open and accessible, while the top floor houses the rector's office and other administrative spaces where greater confidentiality is required. Despite their different functions, all these spaces maintain a visual dialogue with each other thanks to the central courtyard, which becomes the campus's true relational heart, providing a physical and emotional reference point for its inhabitants.

/ 悬浮走道与现有结构对话

Suspended walkways in dialogue with the existing structure

为了连接不同楼层，一系列弧形木质走道被安装在中央空隙内，呈悬浮状。这些走道穿过庭院，在裸露金属结构的深色背景下显得尤为突出。金属结构被刻意去除所有多余的装饰，以强调建筑的真实性主题并提升原有结构。走道采用金属结构，外覆木材，并由拆除旧楼板时保留下来的现有横梁支撑。栏杆对比鲜明的颜色象征着学生在获取新知识时经历的“思维爆发”，看似相悖的理念在此展开对话。

A series of curved wooden walkways has been installed to connect the different levels, suspended inside the central void. Crossing the courtyard, these walkways stand out against the dark background of the exposed metal structure. This has been left free of any superfluous artifice to emphasise the theme of constructive truth and enhance the original structure. The walkways have a metal structure clad in wood and are supported by existing beams that were preserved when the old floors were demolished. The contrasting colours of the railings symbolise the “mental explosion” experienced by students as they access new knowledge, where seemingly incompatible ideas enter into dialogue.

/ 曲线作为空间语言

The curve as spatial language

内部空间的布局以曲线的象征性和构图运用为指导。这代表着学生开启大学旅程的时刻，他们向新的刺激、关系和思想敞开心扉，挑战他们现有的确定性。在刚硬的矩形建筑中融入曲线形式，在秩序与自由之间创造了一种辩证关系，产生了连续的空间流动性。

The arrangement of interior spaces is guided by the symbolic and compositional use of the curve. This represents the moment when students begin their university journey, opening their minds to new stimuli, relationships and ideas that challenge their existing certainties. Incorporating curved forms within a rigidly rectangular building creates a dialectic between order and freedom, generating continuous spatial fluidity.

曲线从内向外、再从外向内作用，创造出视觉上相互连接但又保持功能独立的环境。这些空间从未完全封闭或隔离，尤其是在底层。相反，它们充当“空间格栅”，提供无障碍视野，并强化了建筑作为一个有凝聚力、相互关联的整体的感知。

The curves act from the inside out and vice versa, creating visually connected environments that retain their functional autonomy. These spaces are never fully enclosed or isolated, particularly on the ground floor. Instead, they function as 'spatial lattices', providing unobstructed views and reinforcing the perception of the building as a cohesive, interconnected whole.

/ 埃斯帕托草：身份、记忆与可持续性

Esparto: Identity, Memory and Sustainability

一种传统的安达卢西亚材料

A Traditional Andalusian Material

埃斯帕托草是项目身份认同的关键元素，因为它是西班牙建筑史上最古老的材料之一。它在南部地区，尤其是安达卢西亚，尤为普遍。这种天然纤维主要由纤维素（55—65%）、木质素（25—30%）和半纤维素（10—15%）组成。这种组合赋予埃斯帕托草结构强度、柔韧性和卓越的耐久性。传统上用于生产织物、绳索、垫子和器具，埃斯帕托草保留了其所有原始品质：它耐磨、可塑、可生物降解，并且完全符合以可持续性和自然资源再利用为导向的设计方法。

Esparto is a key element of the project's identity as it is one of the oldest materials in Spanish construction history. It is particularly prevalent in southern regions, especially Andalusia. This natural fibre is composed mainly of cellulose (55–65%), lignin (25–30%) and hemicellulose (10–15%). This combination gives esparto grass structural strength, flexibility and remarkable durability over time. Traditionally used for producing fabrics, ropes, mats and utensils, esparto grass retains all its original qualities: it is hard-wearing, malleable, biodegradable and fully compatible with a design approach geared towards sustainability and the reuse of natural resources. La universidad como vehículo de conocimiento antiguo y contemporáneo.

选择埃斯帕托草的价值超越了纯粹的建筑考量。新的大学总部不仅是传播当代知识的空间；它还作为传承濒临消失的传统手工艺技能的媒介。再次使用这种材料意味着保护日益稀有的手工技能，寻找新的用途并将其传承给新一代。同时，使用埃斯帕托草重新激活了一个几乎灭绝的生产链，支持当地经济，并促进基于材料再利用、重视当地资源和减少高环境影响工业链的循环经济模式。

The choice of esparto grass is valuable for reasons that go beyond purely constructional considerations. The new university headquarters is not just a space for disseminating contemporary knowledge; it also serves as a means of transmitting traditional craft skills that are in danger of disappearing. Using this material again means preserving increasingly rare manual skills, finding new ways to use them and passing them on to new generations. At the same time, using esparto grass reactivates an almost extinct production chain, supporting local economies and promoting a circular economy model based on reusing materials, valuing local resources, and reducing industrial chains with a high environmental impact.

埃斯帕托草的建筑应用

Architectural application of esparto grass

在此项目中，埃斯帕托草具有两种互补功能。首先，它以格栅的形式用作遮阳系统，放置在建筑内部和外部。其次，它被转化为用于定义内部空间布局的弧形隔断的覆层。

In this project, esparto grass serves two complementary functions. Firstly, it is used as a sun protection system in the form of lattices placed both inside and outside the building. Secondly, it is transformed into cladding for the curved partitions that define the layout of the interior spaces.

在分隔墙上，这种材料被应用于石膏板，从而能够精确地塑造设计中设想的蜿蜒曲面，从而在形式上表达贯穿整个布局的曲线主题。同时，格栅安装在一个由金属柱和木质立柱组成的结构上，长长的埃斯帕托草编织物用钉子固定在上面。由此形成的连续编织体既能过滤光线、界定空间体量，又与暴露在外的既有金属结构形成直接对话。

On the dividing walls, the material is applied to plasterboard panels, enabling the sinuous surfaces envisaged in the design to be precisely modelled, thus formally expressing the theme of the curve that runs throughout the layout. Meanwhile, the lattices are mounted on a structure comprising metal pillars and wooden uprights, to which the long esparto grass braids are attached with staples. This creates a continuous weave that filters light, defines volumes, and establishes a direct dialogue with the existing metal structure, which remains visible.

埃斯帕托草的技术特性

Technical characteristics of esparto grass

这种材料以“pleitas”的形式运到施工现场，这是一种长约21米的交织编织物。它们可以很容易地切割成所需尺寸，并适用于内部石膏板隔断和木质支撑结构。生产地点在波尔库纳（哈恩），这是西班牙少数几个仍然实践和传承这种传统技术的中心之一。因此，每一次供应不仅是一种生产行为，也是一种文化行为。

The material arrives at the construction site in the form of 'pleitas', which are long, intertwined braids measuring approximately 21 metres. These can be easily cut to size and adapted to both interior plasterboard partitions and wooden support structures. Production takes place in Porcuna (Jaén), one of the few centres in Spain where this traditional technique is still practised and passed on. Therefore, each supply represents not only a productive act, but also a cultural one.

从技术角度来看，埃斯帕托草作为一种天然纤维，具有卓越的机械性能。埃斯帕托草轻质而坚固，特别适用于交织系统、模块化屏风和建筑覆层。

From a technical standpoint, esparto grass boasts remarkable mechanical properties for a natural fibre. It has a tensile strength ranging from 200 to 350 MPa, an elastic modulus ranging from 2 to 6 GPa, an elongation at break ranging from 2 to 4%, and a density ranging from 1.2 to 1.5 g/cm³. These characteristics make esparto grass lightweight yet strong, making it particularly suitable for use in interwoven systems, modular screens and architectural cladding.

在隔热和隔音方面，该材料的热导率与许多技术隔热材料相当，有助于减少能量损失；其吸音性能通过减少公共和教育环境中的回声和混响，改善了室内声学舒适度。

In terms of thermal and acoustic insulation, the material has a thermal conductivity of 0.038–0.045 W/(m·K), which is comparable to that of many technical insulation materials and helps reduce energy loss. With αw values between 0.35 and 0.65, its sound absorption improves the acoustic comfort of interior spaces by reducing echoes and reverberation in communal and educational environments.

埃斯帕托草还具有高吸湿性和透气性；它能吸收高达自身重量二十倍的水分，同时保持非常高的水蒸气渗透性。这些特性使得室内湿度能够自然调节，从而改善室内环境。

Esparto is also characterised by its high hygroscopicity and breathability; it can absorb up to twenty times its weight in water while maintaining very high vapour permeability. These qualities enable natural regulation of indoor humidity, thereby improving indoor environments.

该材料在原始阶段经过阻燃和防水处理，使其能够安全地用于建筑，并保证室外平均耐久性约为12年，室内为20至25年。它还具有良好的耐火和耐大气剂性能，易于维护和更换，且材料成本低廉。

The material undergoes fire-retardant and water-repellent treatments in its original phase, allowing for its safe use in architecture and guaranteeing an average durability of about 12 years outdoors and 20 to 25 years indoors. It also offers good resistance to fire and atmospheric agents, as well as being easy to maintain and replace, which is favoured by the material's low cost.

从环境角度来看，埃斯帕托草是一种特别可持续的选择。它是一种100%天然、可生物降解的材料，每公斤纤维可吸收约1.6公斤二氧化碳。其隐含能量极低，低于1兆焦耳/公斤，生产过程几乎不产生废物。该过程中使用的水也用于灌溉。使用埃斯帕托草有助于减少合成纤维（源自石油）的使用，并加强对环境影响较低的本地供应链。

From an environmental point of view, esparto grass is a particularly sustainable option. It is a 100% natural, biodegradable material that can absorb approximately 1.6 kg of CO₂ per kg of fibre. It has an extremely low embodied energy of less than 1 MJ/kg, and its production process generates almost zero waste. The water used in this process is also reused for irrigation. Using esparto grass helps to reduce the use of synthetic fibres derived from petroleum and strengthens local supply chains with a low environmental impact.

/ 遮阳与环境舒适度

Sun protection and environmental comfort.

尤其是在受辐射最严重的南立面和西立面，格栅在保护玻璃围护结构方面发挥着基础性作用。这是因为它们将直接辐射减少了40%到60%，同时将室内温度降低了4到5摄氏度。屏幕与立面之间的空间形成了一个自然通风的空气腔，促进了持续的气流，减少了辐射传热，并显著改善了建筑的整体热性能。因此，被动微气候控制系统将植被的使用与项目中提供的交叉通风相结合。

Especially on the south and west façades, which are most exposed to radiation, the lattices play a fundamental role in protecting the glazed enclosure. This is because they reduce direct radiation by between 40% and 60%, while lowering the interior temperature by between 4 and 5 °C. The space between the screens and the façade creates a naturally ventilated air chamber that promotes continuous airflow, reduces heat transfer by radiation, and significantly improves the building's overall thermal performance. Thus, the passive microclimate control system integrates the use of vegetation with the cross ventilation provided for in the project.

/ 绿化与气候调节

Greenery and climate mitigation

通过系统地整合植被，遮阳效果得到了进一步提升，植被作为一种天然的气候控制装置。在接受更多太阳辐射的南立面和西立面，种植了高大的树木以提供直接遮荫。原本无法进入的后露台，通过结构加固后变得可达，并被改造成一个郁郁葱葱的绿色花园，提供漫射遮荫，并促进相邻室内外空间的自然通风。建筑向该立面的开放也实现了交叉通风，从而改善了建筑的整体气候性能。

Sun protection has been made more effective through the systematic integration of vegetation, which acts as a natural climate control device. On the south and west façades, which receive more solar radiation, tall trees have been planted to provide direct shade. The rear terrace, which was originally inaccessible, has been made accessible through structural reinforcement and has been transformed into a lush, green garden that provides diffused shade and promotes the natural ventilation of adjacent indoor and outdoor spaces. Opening up the building towards this façade has also enabled cross ventilation, which improves the building's overall climatic performance.

室内种植箱需要特定的结构改造，并在项目中发挥着基础性作用，因为它们具有双重功能：它们有助于室内空间的遮阳，并消除了室内与室外之间的界限，创造了一个连续的空间，强化了建筑与景观之间的对话。

The interior planters required specific structural adaptations and play a fundamental role in the project as they serve a dual function: they contribute to the solar protection of interior spaces and eliminate the boundary between interior and exterior, creating a continuous space that reinforces the dialogue between architecture and landscape.

/ 结构作为建筑学的“真理”

La estructura como «verdad» arquitectónica.

在现有建筑与新项目之间的对话中，大学文化的基本原则——对真理的追求——被采纳为指导原则。原始金属结构被剥离了所有装饰，以揭示其固有的表现力，有效地将其转化为一个可嫁接新元素的“重写本”。因此，一个过时的建筑结构获得了新生，避免了拆除，并优先考虑了现有结构的重新评估，将其视为最可持续的选择。

In the dialogue between the existing building and the new project, the fundamental principle of university culture, the search for truth, has been adopted as a guiding principle. The original metal structure has been stripped of all decorative embellishments to reveal its inherent expressiveness, effectively transforming it into a palimpsest onto which new elements can be grafted. Thus, an obsolete architectural structure has been given a new lease of life, demolition has been avoided, and the revaluation of the existing structure has been prioritised as the most sustainable option.

/ 材料再利用与文化价值

Reuse of materials and cultural value of the project

再利用的理念体现在该项目所做的每一个材料决策中。例如，使用了几乎被遗忘的天然材料，如埃斯帕托草，以及选择了可再生材料，如由冷杉木制成的纤维板吊顶，这些都因其环境和性能优势而被选中。该项目表明，修复和再利用现有结构是当今最有效的可持续发展策略之一，它将减少环境影响与提升建筑遗产的文化价值以及传承传统知识相结合。这通过当代建筑为当地材料、技能和身份注入了新的活力。

The philosophy of reuse is evident in every material decision made for this project. Examples include the use of almost forgotten natural materials, such as esparto grass, and the selection of renewable materials, such as fibreboard false ceilings made from fir wood, chosen for their environmental and performance qualities. The project demonstrates that rehabilitating and reusing existing structures is one of today's most effective sustainability strategies, combining a reduction in environmental impact with cultural enhancement of built heritage and transmission of traditional knowledge. This gives new life to local materials, skills and identities through contemporary architecture.

/ 新一代的榜样

It is an example for new generations.

设计总体概念基于对建筑和材料遗产的尊重，以及保护和传播濒危知识的愿望。如今仅存少数匠人掌握的埃斯帕托草工艺，正是这份承诺的象征。

The general concept is based on respect for architectural and material heritage, and the desire to preserve and disseminate endangered knowledge. The use of esparto grass, now processed by only a handful of artisans, symbolises this commitment.

该项目激励新生代以历史为镜，通过复兴构成文化建筑遗产的手工艺、材料与建造技法来构筑未来，从而为可持续性理念重塑本真价值。

The project serves as an example to new generations, encouraging them to look to the past to build the future by reviving crafts, materials, and construction methods that form part of our cultural and architectural heritage, and restoring authentic value to the concept of sustainability.